Tupí Stock

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Tupí Stock

Of the various families within the Tupi trunk, the Tupí-Guaraní family is the most extensive in the number of languages and in the geographical distribution of these languages, which are found in all parts of Brazil (except for the Northeast), as well as French Guiana, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru. Rodrigues has proposed 8 tentative subgroups, which are referred to by number. Other families within the Tupi trunk are concentrated in western Brazil.

Tupí-Guaraní Family

Extensive comparison and reconstruction has been done of the Tupí-Guaraní family, both in phonology and morpho-syntax.

   Subgroup I (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay) Guaranian subgroup;
        Caiuá
        Mbyá
        Nhandéva
        Xetá (almost extinct)
        Other languages outside Brazil: Chiriguano (Bolivian Guaraní); Guayaki (Aché); Paraguayan Guaraní

Subgroup II (Bolívia)
Languages outside of Brazil: Guarayo; Sirionó

   Subgroup III
        Kokama (Peru )
        Língua Geral Amazônica (Nheengatú)
        Língua Geral Paulista (extinct)
      Tupí (extinct)
        Tupinambá (extinct)

   Subgroup IV
        Tenetehára dialect cluster
            Guajajára
            Tembé
        Akwáwa dialect cluster
            Asuriní do Tocantins
            Ava
            Suruí do Tocantins
            Parakanã
            Tapirapé

   Subgroup V
        Arawete
        Asuriní do Xingu
        Kayabí

    Subgroup VI
        Apiaká
        Kawahib dialect cluster
            Juma
            Karipuna
            Parintintín
            Tenharim
            Uru-eu-wau-wau

Subgroup VII
Kamayurá

    Subgroup VIII
        South of the Amazon River
            Amanayé (probably extinct)
            Anambé (almost extinct)
            Auré-Aurá
            Guajá
            Kaapor
            Takunyape (extinct)
            Turiwara (probably extinct)
        North of the Amazon River
            Emerillon (French Guiana)
            Waiãpi (Brazil, French Guiana)
            Zo'e (Paturu)

Other Families (non-Tupí-Guaraní)

Arikém Family
Karitiána

Jurúna Family
Jurúna

Mondé Family
    Aruá
    Cinta-Larga
    Gavião
    Mekém
    Mondé
    Suruí
    Zoró

Mundurukú Family
Kuruáya
Mundurukú

Ramaráma Family
Káro

Tuparí Family
    Makuráp
    Tuparí
    Wayoró

Awetí Family
Awetí

Puruborá Family
Puruborá

Mawé Family
Sateré-Mawé

Bibliography

By non-SIL authors

Lemle, Miriam. 1971. Internal classification of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic family. In David Bendor-Samuel (ed.), Tupi Studies I. 107-129. Normal: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma.

Laraia, Roque de Barros, 1971, A Estrutura do Parentesco Tupi (in Portuguese, 100 kiB), Estudos Sobre Línguas e Culturas Indígenas: 174-212.

Rodrigues, Aryon D. 1984/1985. Relações internas na família lingüística Tupí-Guaraní. Revista de Antropologia. 27/28: 33-53. São Paulo.

By SIL authors

Derbyshire, Desmond. 1994. Clause subordination and nominalization in Tupí-Guaraní and Cariban languages. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Etnoling:uisticos. Vol. VIII.: Lingüística Tupi-Guarani/Caribe. Ignacio Prado, editor & director. Lima, Peru. Pp. 179-198.

Dooley, Robert. 1992. Guaranian languages. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Ed. by William Bright. New York: Oxford University Press. Vol. 2:94-96.

Jensen, Cheryl. 1987. Object-prefix Incorporation in Proto Tupí-Guaraní Verbs. Language Sciences. 9(1): 45-56.

––– 1990. Cross-referencing changes in some Tupí-Guaraní languages. Amazonian Linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American Languages. Doris L. Payne (ed.). Pp. 117-158. Austin: University of Texas Press.

––– 1992. Tupian Languages. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Ed. by William Bright. New York: Oxford University Press. Vol. 4:182-185.

––– 1997. Coreferential marking in Tupí-Guaraní languages. Paper presented at the XIII International Conference of Historical Linguistics. Dusseldorf, Germany. August 10-15, 1997.

––– 1998. The use of coreferential and reflexive markers in Tupi-Guarani languages. Journal of Amazonian Languages. Daniel L. Everett, Editor. University of Pittsburgh, Department of Linguistics. 1(2): 1-49.

Priest, Perry. 1987. A Contribuion to Comparative Studies in the Guarani Linguistic Family. Language Sciences. 9(1): 17-20.