NOL, 1985-1989 (Numbers 32-47)

Complete Table of Contents

Number 32 (July 1985)

Coordinator's corner, by Eugene Loos

Welcome help

Trends

Chat corner

Update help

Feedback

Comments on Ezard's article: The functional domains of passives¹, by Stephen A. Marlett

References

Interface: Pike and Maxwell, by Ken Pike and Mike Maxwell

References

Broken: The language spoken by Torres Strait Islanders, by Rod Kennedy

References

The French connection in linguistics, by Jan Camburn

A quick overview of French linguistics

Some reactions of Hagège to Chomsky's Transformational grammar

Selected references of French linguistics

Review: A grammar of Manam, by Michael Martens

Review: Linguistic concepts: An introduction to tagmemics, by James A. Loriot

1. Social interaction of person with person

2. Metaphor of particle, wave, and field

3. Etic and emic

4. Four-perspective model

References

Review: The language of Easter Island: Its development and Eastern Polynesian relationships, by Andy Buckingham

Review: Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures, by Mike Walrod

Report: 7th World Congress of The International Association For Applied Linguistics (AILA), Brussels, Belgium, 5-10 August 1984, by Jonathan L. Burmeister

Number 33 (January 1986)

Coordinator's corner, by Eugene Loos

Evaluating bilingual proficiency in language groups for cross-cultural communication, by Barbara F. Grimes

First language comprehension

Learning

Vocabulary differences

Pronunciation differences

Grammatical differences

Passive and active use

Second language comprehension

Learning

Levels of bilingual proficiency

Domain limitations

Active and passive use

Goals of surveys for evaluating bilingual proficiency

Language choice

Methods of evaluating bilingual proficiency

Sampling of speakers for evaluation

Suggested procedures for sampling

Procedures for testing

US Foreign Service Institute interview

Comprehension of recorded texts

Testing with Scripture

Questionnaire

Observation

Case study

Translating

Bilingual overlay on intelligibility

What difference does it make?

Marginal intelligibility

The place of bilingualism evaluation in the total survey picture

FSI definitions of absolute ratings

Bilingual proficiency questionnaire

References

Reference grammars for the computational age, by David Weber

0. Introduction

1. Limitations of present reference grammars

2. The reference grammar of the future

3. Information management systems

4. The corpus

4.1. Advantages of storing a corpus this way

5. Access and privilege

5.1. Capabilities and users

6. Feasibility

7. Advantages

A note on ergativity, S' and S'' in Karitiana, by Daniel Everett

0. Introduction

1. Karitiana phrase structure

1.2. Affirmative particles

1.3. Pronouns

2.WH questions and topics

3. An alternative analysis

4. On the default affirmative

6. Conclusion

References

Deletion, reduplication, and CV skeleta in Kamaiurá, by Dan Everett and Lucy Seki

References

Review: Functional syntax and universal grammar, by Donald A. Burquest

References

Review: From particular to general linguistics: Selected essays 1965-1978, by Vigil L. Poulter

Review: Studies in Relational Grammar 1 and Studies in Relational Grammar 2, by J. Albert Pickford

References

Abstract: The phonology and morphology of tone and laryngeals in Copala Trique, by Barbara Elaine Hollenbach

Abstract: Resumptive repetition--a cohesive discourse feature in Biblical Hebrew (Genesis 1-15), by Philip Alan Quick

Report: Colloquium on functional grammar, Amsterdam, June 4-8, 1984, by John Hatters

Report: The VII Taller Hays, Mérida, Mexico, July 30-August 3, 1984, by Wes Collins

Report: The LACUS Forum XI, by Steve Echerd

Report: Conference on comparative Bantu linguistics, Butare, Rwanda, August 15-23, 1984, by John Watters

Report: Fifth Biennial Conference of the Society for Caribbean Linguistics, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, August 29-September 1, l984, by George L. Huttar

Number 34 (April 1986)

Coordinator's corner, by Eugene Loos

Partially annotated bibliography of language death, by Robert L. Weber

Bibliography

Pre-Sangir *l, *d, *r, and associated phonemes: Part II, by Kenneth R. Maryott

2. Indirect correspondence

2.1.PS*l

2.2.PS*d

2.3.PS*R, *h, and *'

Review and preview

Cohesion, coherence, and relevance, by Regina Blass

1. Introduction

2. Cohesion, coherence, and textuality

3. Coherence and comprehension

4. A relevance-based approach to comprehension

5. Implications of relevance theory for text analysis

6. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Signing and sorting, by Gary F. Simons

Part I: Putting a list into order

Sorting puts things in order

Signing the records gets them in the order you want

Treating digraphs as a single unit in collating sequence

Ignoring a character in the collating sequence

Defining a secondary collating sequence

Making a rhyming dictionary

Part 2: Organizing a list into groups

Sorting also puts records into groups

Signing the records can get them into the groups you want

Finding all anagrams in a list of words

Finding all the words with the same tone patterns

Finding all the minimal pairs for a pair of phones

Finding all the cognates in related vocabulary lists

Conclusion

References

Number 35 (July 1986)

Coordinator's corner, by Eugene Loos

Heterogeneity in linguistic competence as reflected in literature with implications for translation, by Hart Wiens

1. Introduction

2. Linguistic heterogeneity in literature

2.1. English literature

2.2. French literature

2.3. German literature

3. Ramifications for translation

4. Conclusion

References

Regional and other nonstandard dialects of major languages, by Barbara F. Grimes

Specific cases

Malay

Indonesian

Javanese

Ilocano

Portuguese

Spanish

Italian

Romance

Romanian

German

Arabic

Chinese

Nepali

Creoles

Summary of the problem

Toward possible solutions

Linguistic differences

Survey clarifications

Preparation and promotion of materials

Conclusions

References

The Bulgarian participle¹, by Aleksander B. Milch

1. The Bulgarian participle

1.1. The present active participle

1.2. The past participle active

1.3. The past participle passive

1.4. Morphophonemic Alternations in the Bulgarian Participle

1.5. A brief comparison of the participle in Modern Bulgarian⁹ with that of Old Bulgarian¹⁰

Report: Fourteenth Annual University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee Linguistics Symposium: March 29-30, 1985, by Tom Payne

1. Introduction

2. Structure of the symposium

3. Content

3.1. On the goals of universals research

3.2. The notion of "basic word order"

4. Summary

References

Report: Linguistics Association of Great Britain: 18--20 September 1985, Liverpool, by Stephen H. Levinsohn

Report:ELCON, by Eugene Loos

Report: 24th Conference on American Indian Languages: December 1985, by Tom Payne

1. Introduction

2. 1985 framework

3. Content

4. Summary and conclusion

CAIL 1985 program

References

Signing and sorting, by Gary F. Simons

Number 36 (October 1986)

Coordinator's corner

Notes of interest from the LACUS meetings

New publications

ARC

Deep and surface structure in modern linguistic theories with application to translation theory, by Hart Wiens

0. Introduction

0.1. Form and meaning

1. Deep and surface structure in TG

2. Deep and surface structure in generative semantics

3. Deep and surface structure in tagmemics

4. Deep and surface structure in stratificational grammar

5. Deep and surface structure in translation theory

6. Conclusion

References

The genetic linguistic postulates--some applications, by Julie Van Dyken

1. Introduction

2. Variation and change

2.1. Jibu--a dialect or a language?

2.2. A Jibu orthography problem caused by variation and change

2.3. The postulates applied to the orthography problem

2.4. Other postulates exemplified by Jibu

2.5. Sound changes in Jibu, as evidenced by comparison with other Central Jukun dialects

3. Internal reconstruction

4. The significance of additional comparative studies of Jibu-Jukun data with Kuteb and with Bantu data

4.1. Significance of the Kuteb data

4.2. Significance of Bantu data compared with Jibu

References

On the use of nontraditional variables in sociolinguistic studies of contextual speech styles, by Thomas E. Murray

I

II

III

IV

References

Review: Diversity and development in English-related creoles, by George L. Huttar

Building a morphological analyzer, by Gary F. Simons

Grammars as transition networks

The morphology of To'aba'ita verbs

A sample analysis

The problem of backtracking

Transforming the networks for backtracking

Translating the transition networks into PTP

Dealing with a process like reduplication

Enhancing the analyzer

Building an analyzer into applications

References

Number 37 (January 1987)

Coordinator's corner, by Eugene Loos

Semantics master bibliography, by Scott DeLancey and Thomas E. Payne

Semantics master bibliography

Category 1: Lexical semantics

Category 2: English and other Indo-European languages

Category 3: Asian languages

Category 4: Formal models and logical semantics

Category 5: Propositional semantics--case grammar

Category 6: American Indian languages

Category 7: Language areas other than Indo-European American Indian and Asian

Category 8: Pragmatics and cognitive models

Category 9: Language acquisition

Category 10: General works on semantics

Video recording for linguistic fieldwork, by Rudolph C. Troike and Muriel Saville-Troike

Basic background

Recent developments

Using a videocamera

Staying informed

Second language learning strategies: What the research has to say^*, by Rebecca Oxford-Carpenter

Categories of learning strategies

Strategy advice for language students

ESL students' strategies

Effectiveness of self-assessment

Support for the keyword method

General conclusions of L2 learning strategy research

The need for better learning strategy assessment instruments

References

Building a morphological analyzer, by Gary F. Simons

Number 38 (April 1987)

Coordinator's corner, by Eugene Loos

A survey of morphological theories: Report on the Milwaukee Morphology meeting, April 1986, by Doris L. Payne

1. Introduction

2. The Extended Word-and-Paradigm model

3. Bybee model

4. Natural morphology: Dressler

5. Lexical phonology and morphology

6. Psycholinguistic evidence for different theories

7. Autosegmental approaches to morphology

8. The morphology--syntax interface

8.1. Autolexical syntax: Sadock

8.2. Marantz

9. Topics for future research

10. Papers presented at the Milwaukee Morphology Meeting

10.1. Synchronic description

10.2. Cognitive storage versus formation processes

10.3. Morphological change

10.4. Explanations for properties of morphological systems

References

Good surveys: Diagnosing vernacular literature need, by Barbara F. Grimes

Characteristics and preparation

Word lists and lexical similarity relationships

Intelligibility between related dialects or languages

Bilingualism (see B. F. Grimes on evaluating bilingualism, Notes on Linguistics 33, January 1986)

Attitudes and social factors

Presentation of findings and evaluation

Consultants as encouragers, by David Thomas

The problem

The consultant as encourager

The consultant as helper

Every member a consultant

The consultant as pre-editor

The consultant as publishing agent

The consultant as booster

Looking up terms for concepts: Intercocta glossary: A new kind of reference work, by Tony Naden

On the validity of the tagmemic clause level, by Henk Courtz

1. Introduction

2. Distinctive features of the clause

3. Lower level combinations of units

A. Phrase level

B. Morpheme level

C. Word level

4. Clause level combinations

5. Literature

References

Abstract: All affix and no stem: Orizaba Náhuatl tlahtía, by David Tuggy

Abstract: Stress and length in Mayo of Sonora, by Larry Hagberg

Abstract: Split ergativity in Oaxaca Chontal, by Viola Waterhouse

Abstract: Clitics--to be or not to be words, by Velma B. Pickett

Abstract: Some environments which may condition vowel length, by Eunice V. Pike

Abstract: Why the oddness of reflexives isn't odd, by David Tuggy

Automation in academic publishing, by Gary F. Simons

From idea to publication

Tools of the trade

Impact

References

Number 39 (July 1987)

Coordinator's corner, by Eugene Loos

An outline of relevance theory^*, by Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber

1. Introduction

2. The code model of communication

3. The inferential account of communication

4. Cognition: Relevance

Case A

Case B

Case C

Case D

5. Communication: The principle of relevance

6. Pragmatics and relevance

7. Conclusion

References

Mapping a culture through networks of meaning, by Charles E. Grimes

0. Introduction

1. What is it?

Lexical relations

The fields

Computer programs

2. What's it done for me?

Lexicography

Data management

Language learning

Anthropology or ethnology¹⁴

3. What's it good for?¹⁵

What doesn't it do?

5. What is needed to make it useable on a broad scale?

Conclusion

References

Review: Lexicography and conceptual analysis, by Karl J. Franklin

References

Review: Language and social networks, by Stephen J. Schooling

Multidimensional text glossing and annotation, by Gary F. Simons

The multidimensional nature of text

Kinds of information in multidimensional text

Aligning annotations

A solution to a classic problem in text glossing

Freeform annotations

The IT family of software

References

Number 40 (October 1987)

How bilingual is bilingual?, by Barbara F. Grimes

First language comprehension

Learning

Vocabulary differences

Pronunciation differences

Grammatical differences

Receptive versus interactive use

Second language comprehension

Learning

Levels of bilingual proficiency

Domain limitations

Receptive and interactive use

Goals of surveys for evaluating bilingual proficiency

Language choice

Sampling of speakers for bilingualism evaluation

Suggested procedure for sampling

Oral proficiency testing

Evaluation of other methods

Comprehension of recorded texts

Testing with Scripture

Questionnaires

Observation

Case study

Translating

Bilingual overlay on intelligibility

Marginal intelligibility

The place of second language proficiency evaluation surveys

References

The Summer Institute of Linguistics: Second language oral proficiency evaluation (SLOPE)¹, by Barbara F. Grimes

Preface

General instructions

Personnel

The evaluation format

Language research

Training

Instructions for the tester

Instructions for the L1 assistant

Instruction for the subject

Preliminary considerations

Part 1: Warm-up conversation

Purpose

Procedures

Warm-up conversation: Suggested topics

Part 2: Getting information

Purpose

Procedures

Part 2: Suggested topics

Part 3: Relating information

Purpose

Procedures

Part 3: Suggested topics

Bilingual proficiency assessment scoring form

Scoring the assessment

Five factors that influence bilingual proficiency assessment

Description of the five factors at each performance standard

The Summer Institute of Linguistics Language skill level descriptions⁴

Introduction

Level 0. (No proficiency)

Level 0+. (Memorized proficiency)

Level 1. (Elementary proficiency)

Level 1+. (Elementary proficiency, plus)

Level 2. (Limited proficiency)

Level 2+. (Limited proficiency, plus)

Level 3. (General proficiency)

Level 3+. (General proficiency plus)

Level 4. (Advanced proficiency)

Level 4+. (Advanced proficiency, plus)

Level 5. (Functionally native proficiency)

Number 41 (January 1988)

Coordinator's corner, by Eugene Loos

The role of the field linguist, by Bernard Comrie

Relational grammar: An update report^*, by Stephen A. Marlett

References

Tone and stress analysis by computer, by Geoffrey Hunt

0. Introduction

1. Testing against real data

2. Output produced by the computer

3. Comparison with manually recorded phonetic data

4. Other languages

5. Other things that can be done

6. Some technical considerations

7. A final word

Correlations between vocabulary similarity and intelligibility, by Joseph E. Grimes

Philippines

Correlations

Other language areas

Discussion

References

Appendix

A sentence-based method for intelligibility testing, by Larry B. Jones

0. Introduction

1. The standard text-test approach

2. The sentence-test approach

3. Conclusion

References

Appendix

Studying morphophonemic alternation in annotated text, by Gary F. Simons

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

References

A brief note regarding discourse-centered Ph.D. studies at the University of Texas at Arlington, by Robert E. Longacre

CV-analysis, by Ursula Weisemann

Prologue

CV-analysis

Report: The 14th International Systemics workshop, by Sherri Brainard

Report: The fifth international conference on Austronesian linguistics, by Julie King

1. Conference structure and general impressions

2.SIL participation in VICAL

3. Attending conferences and presenting papers

4. Contacts made

Report:VICAL: The Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics held at the University of Auckland, January 11-16, 1988, by Barbara D. Grimes and Charles E. Grimes

The papers

Other comments

Number 42 (June 1988)

Coordinator's corner, by Eugene Loos

Roots and concerns of typological/functional linguistics, by Thomas E. Payne

1. Historical background

2. Distinctives of typological/functional linguistics

3. Current concerns in typological/functional linguistics

3.1. Grammatical and lexical description

3.2. Discourse analysis

3.3. Ethnography of communication

4. Conclusion

References

On the renarrative mood in Bulgarian, by Aleksander B. Milch

0. Introduction

1. Semantic overview

2. Formation

2.1. The present renarrated

2.2. The aorist renarrated

2.3. The perfect renarrated

2.4. The future renarrated

2.5. The future perfect renarrated

2.6.Emphatic renarration

2.7.Negated renarrative forms

References

Niger-Congo noun class systems, by Ursula Wiesemann

1. The markers

2. Establishing classes and assigning numbers

3. Establishing the gender

4. An example

5. Relevant reading

Studying morphophonemic alternation in annotated text, by Gary F. Simons

Why test intelligibility?, by Barbara F. Grimes

Published lists of languages and dialects

Dialect versus language

Ethnic names

Traditional names

Official lists

Different countries

Union languages

Language standardization

Creole languages

Geographic labels

Village names

Alternate names

Census lists

Extinct languages

Language groups

Inherent intelligibility

Comparing word lists

Problems in comparing word lists

The comparative method versus the inspection method

The lexicon as an adequate sample of a language or indicator of intelligibility

A word list as an adequate sample of the lexicon

Same informant, differing lists

Different informants, differing lists

Language of elicitation

Difficulty in finding a single term

Same word for several items

Misunderstandings

Gestures

Other methods of comparison

Phonostatistics

Complexity of phonological change

Grammar and discourse

Sentence repeat test

Ask the informant test

Intelligibility testing needed

Direct evaluation

"Define and group languages and dialects rationally" (Casad 1974:1)

Strategic centers

Pidgins and creoles

Geographical extent of the language

Dialect chains

Use of resources

Objections to intelligibility testing

More on intelligibility testing

Sample of testees

Standard deviation

Adjusting test scores

Marginal intelligibility

Comparative studies

Translation and use of a second language

Group testing

Conclusions

References

Appendix: Cognate relationships of some European languages

Review: Women, fire, and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind, by Lou Hohulin

Number 43 (October 1988)

Coordinator's corner

How to make your junior partner an equal partner, by Frances L. Gralow

Reference

Categorized and prioritized bibliography on language typology, by Thomas E. Payne

Researching the verb, by Ursula Wiesemann

Comments on analyzing expository discourse, by Sherri Brainard

0. Introduction

1. Definition of expository discourse

2. Charting expository texts

3. Discourse concepts

4. Questions to guide expository discourse analysis

Paragraphs

Prominence positions in sentences

Theme

Peak

Other kinds of information

Participants

Cohesion

References

Other references

In pursuit of discourse particles, by Linda K. Jones

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

References

The function of glottal stop in Gahuku, by Ellis Deibler

1. Introduction

2. Phonemes of the language

3. Is glottal a consonant?

4. The problem

4.1. Theoretical

4.2. Practical

5. Grammatical evidence

6. Conclusion

Review: Pronominal systems, by Rhonda L. Hartell

Report:WALS Congress, by Robert Carlson

Report: Asia Area Survey Conference, by Eugene H. Casad

Number 44 (January 1989)

Coordinator's corner, by Eugene E. Loos

The production of a linguistic bibliography, by Peter Unseth

Purposes

Procedures

Data collection

Organization

Compiling the data

Production

How to write a grammatical sketch (without putting your readers to sleep), by Thomas E. Payne

1. Introduction

2. Know the language

3. Discover what is "interesting" about the language

4. Outline

5. Keep it simple

6. Include copious and well-glossed examples

7. Use formalisms sparingly

7.1. What is a formalism?

7.2. The dangers of formal models

7.3. How to keep formalism under control

8. Conclusion

The voice of the verb, by Ursula Wiesemann

A preliminary examination of timing in Nyanja narrative discourse¹, by Ernst R. Wendland

Introduction

Methodology

Narrative pause types

[F] Utterance final

[C] Clause pause

[E/V] Exclamative/vocative pause

[R] Rhetorical pause

[A] Random pause

[S] Song pause

[P] Paragraph pause

Implications: The significance of pause in oral narrative

Speech spans and narrative flow

Conclusions

A. Speech

B. Action report

Suggestions for the field linguist regarding quotations, by Robert A. Dooley

Introduction

Questions for investigation

I. What are the major ways of portraying mental process in the language under investigation?

II. How are encoding situations described in the language under investigation?

III. How are portrayals of mental processes embedded within one another?

IV. What factors influence a speaker's choice as to which kind of quotation to use?

V. What part do the various portrayals of mental processes play in a discourse?

Appendix: Deixis in quotations

References

Computing in linguistics: A tool for exploring morphology, by Gary F. Simons

What it does

How it works

How to get started

References

Number 45 (April 1989)

Coordinator's corner, by Eugene E. Loos

Writing 'nickel knowledge' articles, by Howard W. Law

Charting verbs for discourse analysis, by René Vallette

References

The verb phrase in Ika, by Paul S. Frank

Abbreviations

0. Introduction

0.1. The genetic classification of the Ika language

0.2. Purpose of this article

1. Auxiliary verbs

1.1. The obligatory use of auxiliary verbs

1.2. The optional use of auxiliary verbs

2. Agreement

3. Locationals and noun classes

3.1. Existentials and locatives

3.2. Noun classes and verbs meaning 'to place'

4. Temporal aspect

5. Mood

5.1. Modal suffixes

5.2. Mood indicators and clause connections

6. Deictic aspect

7. Valence change

7.1. Causatives

7.2.kä- 'peripheral participant' and valence increase

7.3. Benefactives

7.4. Reciprocals and reflexives

8. Comparatives and equatives

9.an- 'point of reference'

References

A brief sketch of Fleming's stratificational model, by Brian Migliazza

1. Introduction

1.A. History of the model

1.B. Overview

2. Multiple components

2.A. Communication situation

2.B. Semantic

2.C. Morphemic

2.D. Expression and physical phenomenon

3. Realization rules

4. Text analysis

5. Conclusion

References

Tone analysis in African languages, by Ursula Wiesemann

1. Finding and interpreting lexical tone

2. Grammatical tone

3. Pronunciation rules

4. Phonetic tone changes

5. Stress languages

6. Tone orthography and pedagogy

References

Report: Third International Conference on Functional Grammar: Amsterdam, June 20-24, 1988, by Klaus Wedekind

General remarks

The papers grouped by topics

Impressions, relations to SSm

Report: Cognitive Linguistics Conference: Duisburg, Germany, March 28-April 1, 1989, by David Tuggy and Eugene H. Casad

Number 46 (July 1989)

Coordinator's corner, by Eugene E. Loos

Summary report of 'A dialect survey in the Mam area of Guatemala', by Wesley M. Collins

1. Introduction

II. Opinion questionnaire

III. Lexical comparison

IV. Comprehension

V. Conclusions

The verb phrase in Ika, by Paul S. Frank

References

Transitivity and ergativity in Panare, by Thomas E. Payne

1. Introduction

2. Transitivity

3. The participles

3.1. The nominalizing function

3.2. The independent verbal function

3.3. Arguments for the ergative analysis

3.4. Arguments against the ergative analysis

4. Discourse functional arguments for the passive analysis

5. Conclusion

References

Some notes on making bilingual dictionaries, by Charles Peck

A. Who will use your bilingual dictionary?

B. What are the parts of a bilingual dictionary?

C. What goes into a bilingual dictionary?

D. What are reverse-indexes?

E. How is a computer generated dictionary made?

F. What did I learn in bilingual dictionary making?

G. Why make the increased reverse-index entries?

Acknowledgments

References

Aspect-mood distinctions, by Ursula Wiesemann

Number 47 (October 1989)

Coordinator's corner, by Eugene E. Loos

My logic doesn't match yours: Limits to translation imposed by cognitive development, by Geoffrey Hunt

Introduction

Related findings from cognitive psychologists

Purpose of this paper

Cognitive development and intelligence

The development of cognitive processes

Some reasons why cognitive development might be limited

Lifestyles and cognitive development

World view and cognitive development

Linguistic signs of unavailable cognitive skills

A. The concept of number

B. Logical connectives

C. Other signs

D. Some examples

Cross-cultural problems

Implications for translation theory

An unsatisfactory solution

Practical adjustments for translation projects

A. Limit the content

B. Group information differently

C. Change the mode of presentation

D. Encourage the communicator

Final comments

Acknowledgments

References

Verb combinations within a verb phrase, by Ursula Wiesemann

Computing in linguistics:Lex, yacc, and Quechua numeral phrases¹, by David J. Weber

Informal description

The program

Conclusion

Special considerations for creole surveys, by Barbara F. Grimes

Background

Early development of creole languages

Further development of creoles

Variation in use of a postcreole continuum by segments of society

Other characteristics of creole situations

Survey procedures for noncreole situations

Testing inherent intelligibility between dialects

Testing bilingual proficiency between separate languages

Evaluating language attitudes and use

Survey evaluations of creole situations

Understanding between regional creole varieties

Testing of inherent intelligibility

Marginal intelligibility

Bilingualism within a postcreole continuum

Testing of second language proficiency

Evaluation of language attitudes and use

Questionnaires

Matched guise

Interviews

Research

Observation

Applicability to other situations

Nonstandard dialects

Diglossia

Summary

References