Notes on Sociolinguistics

Complete Table of Contents

Volume 2, Number 1 (March 1997)

Front Matter

From the editor, by M. Paul Lewis

To plan or not to plan: A chronological biography of the strategic planning process in real life ¹, by Todd Poulter

Introduction

The story often begins something like this …

Decision-making time: Stay put or move on?

Attitudes--the key to hindering or enhancing the process

Planning preliminaries

Key commitments needed before embarking on serious strategic planning without which the process will stall along the way

Plan to plan

Describe any mandates

Identify major thrusts/areas of focus

Get ownership from the wider group before going any further

First-cycle planning

Review status quo, trends, and performance to date (strategic thinking)

Make specific plans by functional/organizational unit (strategic plans)

Plan for contingencies

Implement plans in light of the current (and often changing) context

Incorporate systematic, ongoing reviews into the planning cycle

Second-cycle planning

Start around the planning cycle again (strategic thinking, strategic plans, and strategic action)

Now what?

Planning formulae

Back Matter

References

Strategic thinking and planning, by Todd Poulter

Beyond the mere writing of plans and doing good things

Strategic mindset

Alternatives

Definitions and key understandings

Strategic thinking

Strategic plans

Strategic action

Review

Values, beliefs, and desired future

Strategic planning builds on our fundamental beliefs and values

Strategic planning directs and focuses our energies

Strategic planning helps us envision and accomplish a desired future

Once we decided to do serious strategic planning, that is when the problems started

Diagnosing your organizational vitality: A quick self-assessment

Back Matter

References

Strategic planning case studies, by Todd Poulter

Starting at the end and working backwards: Mozambique

Background

Membership

Expanded vision

Strategic planning

True confessions …

Conclusion

Branch strategy--changing course in crisis: Indonesia

Approach

Documentation

The strategy

Challenges

A 50-year journey toward completion and a “car rally” approach to planning: Peru

The “car rally” model

Lessons learned

Current applications

Passing on a vision and commitment for entity level strategic planning: Cameroon

Getting the planning process started

Documentation

Working the plan

Tying together language program- and entity-level planning

Results

Integrating language program and entity planning: Philippines

Background

Outcomes

Trigger points

Dates

Flexibility and ongoing nature of plans

Why it is working

Challenges

Consolidation of branch operations: Brazil

Decisions

Outcomes

Field work models in broad context, by Alan R. Pence

Background

Summary of responses

The external context of our work

Our task and the whole task

Current major approaches to the work

Analysis and implications

Critical factors

Environment

Restated factors

Regional pressures

Overreach

Connections

Approaches

Review: Language test construction and evaluation, by Eugene H. Casad

Back Matter

References

Review: Multilingualism, by M. Lynn Landweer

Review: English in language shift: The history, structure and sociolinguistics of South African Indian English, by Ronald J. Sim

Volume 2, Number 2 (June 1997)

Front Matter

From the editor, by M. Paul Lewis

Incorporating short-termers, by John Bendor-Samuel

Introduction

Trends among young people

Current trends

Extracts from research into short-term programmes

Strategies being used by other organisations

OM and YWAM

World Horizons

Frontiers

Developments within our own organisations

Field exposure programmes

Field experience programmes

Advantages and challenges to macro-team approaches

Implications

Recruitment and selection

Membership

Lifestyle

Training

Field assignment

Team leadership and administration

Venture 24, by John Hobson and Helen Hobson

Purpose of the program

Outline of program content

STEP course

Evaluation

Tomorrow teams, by Tom Schwarz and Elizabeth Schwarz

Aims and objectives

Our approach

Goals

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Seamless integration: Towards sustainable impact, by Clinton Robinson

Introduction

The language dimension ¹ in the life of a community

Seamless integration

Three pillars

Assumptions

Strategies

Implications: Institutional and personal

Orientations

Qualities

Sustainable impact

Conclusion

Self-management and local autonomy in language projects, by Jim Lear

Introduction

Development of autonomy

Costs and benefits of autonomy

Benefits

Costs

Factors involved in considering autonomy

Broader definitions of language projects

Funding and constituency development

Conclusion

Gulmancema literacy: Combining development and literacy, by Robert A. Jackson

Introduction

Nature of PAG's approach

Use of the Journal Laabaali to encourage ongoing literacy

Literacy instructor hiring practices

Religion an important factor

Conclusion

Back Matter

Reference

Volume 2, Number 3 (September 1997)

Front Matter

From the editor, by M. Paul Lewis

Developing or destroying languages?: What does intervention do to linguistic vitality? ¹, by Clinton D. W. Robinson

1. Introduction ²

2. Language development

3. Linguistic ecology

3.1. Intervention

3.2. Literacy

4. Application to SIL

5. Dilemmas

5.1. Motivations and agendas

5.2. Does intervention necessarily imply hard language boundaries?

5.3. Language: function over symbol?

Back Matter

References

The ethics of fieldwork, by Fiona Varley

Back Matter

Reference

The secret of leaving, by Edward Lauber

Conducting a personnel survey: Why and how, by Susan Hochstetler

Introduction

Why find the best?

How can we find the best people?

The results of our survey

Successful programs for endangered languages, by Sue Hasselbring

Introduction

Mixedness and scatteredness

Four endangered languages of Botswana

/Gwi

Shua

Buga

Naro

Challenges

Examples of successful atypical language development

Conclusion

Back Matter

References

Why do deaf people sign the way they do?: A sociolinguistic exploration of sign language, by Stephen J. Parkhurst and Dianne Parkhurst

Introduction

The Deaf

Effects of multilingualism

Effects of multiculturalism

Effects of multimotivationalism

Conclusion

Back Matter

References

Volume 2, Number 4 (December 1997)

Front Matter

From the editor, by M. Paul Lewis

Why compete? Creating new functions for traditional-language literature use, by Sue Harris

Defining language spread

Conservation of language use

Creating new functions for traditional-language literature

Conclusion

Back Matter

References

Ethnomusicology: Preparing for tomorrow?, by Julie Taylor

Introduction

Culture in transition

Music and language

Confusion in worship

The traditional misnomer

Cultural support

The changing role of ethnomusicology

Future values

Exploring partnerships

The influence of universalism

Urbanisation and displaced cultures

Self-image

Our response

Priorities

First steps

Ongoing links

Later phases

Conclusion

Back Matter

References

Step by step: The emergence of Baka hymnology ¹, by Anne Sampson

Report on the Dagomba Scripture Use workshop, by Paul Neeley and Sue Hall

Introduction

Effective use of Scripture through spoken forms

Effective use of Scripture through song

Identifying experienced composers

Dagomba music and song genres in reference to indigenous hymnody

Let us now examine in more detail the three genres chosen by the Christian composers

Gonje

Bamaaya

Simpa

Song-making sessions and recording sessions

Conclusions

Back Matter

References

A summary of IfE$ music in relation to church use ¹, by Patricia Devine

Introduction

Songs

I. Solo songs without dancing

II. Solo songs with a choral refrain

III. Game songs

Dances

I. Social dances

II. Specialized dances

III. Traditional religious dances

Conclusion

Volume 3, Number 1 (March 1998)

Front Matter

From the Editor, by M. Paul Lewis

Reference

On criteria for identifying language groups and language clusters, by Rick Brown

A sociolinguistic model of language

A comparison of language models used in assessment

Ethnolinguistic identity

Bidialectalism versus bilingualism

Bidialectal intelligibility

Relatedness

Marginal dialects

Language hierarchies

Dialect clusters

Sociolects and communal dialects

Summary of the model

Criteria for evaluating dialects

Identifying characteristics of main dialects

Identifying characteristics of affinitive dialects

Common means by which a main dialect spreads (unordered)

Comments on Sadembouo's criteria for identifying dialects for standardization

Goals and methods of survey

Appropriate research instruments

Interviewing

Word lists

Recorded-text tests

Participant observation and ongoing assessment

Back Matter

References

Some parameters of language assessment and their possible values, by Rick Brown

Defining a language group: Synopsis of a sociolinguistic model

Parameters of language status

1. Ethnolinguistic identity

2. Internal intelligibility

3. Language vitality

4. Communicative isolation

5. Inadequate literature

Implications for estimating a language variety's known need for basic development

Implications for allocation

Development status

Back Matter

References

Kinds of data needed for the Ethnologue: Languages of the world ¹, by Barbara F. Grimes

Focus: Lesser-used languages

Use of the Ethnologue

Providing information for the Ethnologue from surveys

A. Language and dialect relationships

B. Bilingual proficiency

C. Language attitudes

D. Special kinds of languages

E. Vitality and viability

F. Genetic relationships

Acknowledgments

Schedule for the next Ethnologue and companion volumes

Maps for the Ethnologue

Back Matter

References

Volume 3, Number 2 (June 1998)

Front Matter

From the Editor, by M. Paul Lewis

The logic of survey information, by Joseph E. Grimes

Introduction

Kinds of information

Observed language behavior

Qualitative observations require good judgment

Quantitative observations require unbiased sampling

Context

Inferences

Causal inferences are risk-prone

Quantitative inferences are risk-prone

Information relations

Development

Design

Digital acoustic indexing

Training

Back Matter

References

Bible translation as a survey tool, by Ken Decker

Background to Caribbean Creole work

The Caribbean Creole project

Endangered languages

Proposed change in assessment attitude

Back Matter

References

Diaspora communities: Why are they important? And how do we find them?, by Simon G. W. Warwick

Why do we need a linguistic survey of Diaspora communities?

What are we looking for?

Who will look?

How do we look?

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Back Matter

Reference

Appendix A: Sample questionnaire

Appendix B: Useful information sources for locating displaced communities (primarily in Europe and Commonwealth countries)

Public relations on surveys: What impressions do we give people?, by Sue Hasselbring

What impressions did we give the people we interviewed?

How did we do in relating to the chiefs?

How did we do in relating to villagers?

What other comments or suggestions do you have?

Key principles

A model for a decision-support tool for making language project assignments: An expert system application, by Ken Prettol

Rationale for the use of a computer decision-support tool

Description of the decision-support tool SOCLING¹

Project priority

Recommended level of SIL involvement

Using the decision-support tool SOCLING

Philosophy profile

Philosophy-based questions

Project-priority statement

Potential success statement

Initial field testing

Conclusion

Back Matter

References

Review: Cross-cultural approaches to literacy, by Steve Barber

Back Matter

Reference

Review: Different games, different rules: Why Americans and Japanese misunderstand each other., by Barbara Thomas

Volume 3, Number 3 (October 1998)

Front Matter

From the editor

Teamwork and planning that encompass project, program, and entity, by Rick Brown

Background

The initial development of the strategic plan

The broad role of the strategic plan

Programs and projects

The inclusion of strategic planning at the project level (SPAR)

Project teams rather than just member teams

Program teams

The administration-support team

Facilitating teamwork at the entity level

Results of the program team approach

Integrating project planning into the comprehensive entity strategic plan

Project planning

Planning for sustainability: A preliminary overview, by Clinton Robinson

Why sustainability?

What is sustainability? ¹

Principles of sustainability

Sustainable outputs

Sustainability and completion

SIL's contribution

Progressive disengagement

Planning for sustainability

Planning as dialogue

Planning as vision sharing and training

Planning as ownership

Planning for evaluation

Conclusion

Experiences from a Macroteam language program cum national translator/CARLA project: The Asheninka language cluster, by David Payne

Background

Project development

Considerations for nontraditional approaches to SIL language programs

Macroteams

Language clusters

National translator programs

Carla

The SPAR consultation: Small group discussions, by Doris Porter

Introduction

Discussion topics

Management issues

SPEL/SPAR relationships

Partnership in planning

Vision for using a strategic planning process

A comparison of leadership in four communities: Implications for community involvement in economic and language development programs, by Sue Harris

Four communities in Southeast Asia ¹

Sumai: Individualistic

Galat: Collectivist

Kenai: Corporate

Malan: Bureaucratic

Project leadership and selection of workers

Sumai

Galat

Kenai

Malan

Project organization and the role of expatriates

Sumai

Galat

Kenai

Malan

Conclusion

Back Matter

References

Volume 3, Number 4 (October 1998)

Front Matter

From the editor

Factorial design model for assessing second language proficiency, by Richard A. Berger

Inferential statistics

The t-test

One-way ANOVA

Factorial ANOVA

Back Matter

References

Language maintenance in Cunenteco Quiché, by Sonya Eidsvoog Marhenke

Introduction

Background of the research question ¹

Statement of the research question

Identification of the variables

Research objectives

Hypotheses

Review of the literature

Historical-cultural-religious context of the Maya

Sociolinguistic studies

Strategy references and helps

Research activity

Description

Instrument ³

Selection of subjects

Data collection procedures

Results

Language use by location

Language use by age group

Language use by gender

Language use by religion

Language use by educational level

Conclusions from the data

Evaluation

Were objectives met?

Strengths of the survey

Weaknesses of the survey

Implications for the language project

Back Matter

References

Appendix

Language use and attitude questionnaire for Cunenteco

Introduction to sign language survey, by Steve Parkhurst and Dianne Parkhurst

Introduction

Rapid appraisal: Level 1 surveys

Rapid appraisal information

Training for rapid appraisal surveys

Level 2 surveys

Level 2 information

Training for Level 2 surveys

Summary

Back Matter

References

Appendix I: Sign languages (SL) around the world ⁸

The Americas

Africa

Europe

Asia

The Pacific

Appendix II: Sign language rapid appraisal topic list

1. Demographics

2. Language

3. Deaf community

4. Education

5. Religion

6. Economy

Appendix III: A brief introduction to Sign Writing ⁹

Appendix IV: Spanish Sign language survey word list

Appendix V: Sample of master list with Sign Writing examples

Volume 4, Number 1 (January 1999)

Front Matter

From the editor

Language (development) as particle, wave, and field, by M. Paul Lewis

Introduction

Language development from the particle view

Language development from the wave view

Language development as field

Conclusion

Back Matter

References

The Zen of bibliocology ², by David J. Weber

Attitude

Some important benefits of selling

Serving

Market sensitivity

Motivation

Meeting people

Language learning

Having the right stuff

Making a sale

A polite greeting

Modeling reading

Forms of payment

Where and when to sell

To whom to sell

Working as a team

Equipment

The economy of selling

The three P's

Back Matter

Reference

Finding my way: Learning and training in Luang, by Kathy Taber

Volume 4, Number 2 (1999), by M. Paul Lewis

Front Matter

From the editor

Language repertoire and diglossia in first-century Palestine: Some comments ¹, by Christina Bratt Paulston

Back Matter

References

Report on the 1998 Endangered Languages Conference in Edinburgh, Scotland, by Thomas M. Tehan, Kirk R. Person, and Suzanne Person

Tomorrow teams--an evaluation, by Tom Schwarz

Aims and objectives

Our approach

Goals

Phase 1:

Phase 2:

Phase 3:

Final comments

Is Tomorrow Teams a good recruitment tool?

Review: The argument culture: Moving from debate to dialogue, by Barbara Thomas

Back Matter

References

Volume 4, Number 3 (1999)

Front Matter

From the editor, by M. Paul Lewis

An applied linguist reflects on SIL's role(s) and selected activities, by G. Richard Tucker

Introduction

Multiple languages in education

Pervasive (American) monolingualism

Language education for minority students

Language education for majority students

Personal contacts with SIL

Research priorities in language education

Recent research in adult second language acquisition

Research priorities

Canadian immersion programs

Foci for future attention

SIL, public involvement, and language education

Key issues warranting further attention

Back Matter

References

Identification of dialectal distinctions, by R. A. Berger

The reported dialect groupings (RDG) test

Validation of the RDG test

Research model

Back Matter

References

A brief overview of survey operations in Papua New Guinea, by M. Lynn Landweer

Back Matter

References

Squib: Rabbits in Chimila, by Terry Malone

Back Matter

Reference

Squib: Out of the mouth of birds, by M. Lynn Landweer

Bibliographies for Review articles

Alderson, Clapham, and Wall 1995

Bamgbose 1991

Edwards 1994

Fishman 1992

Haugen 1987

Mesthrie 1992

Street 1993

Tannen 1998

Yamada 1997