Conjoining Strategies of the Bwaidoka Language

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Not Available Online
Date Created: 
2013-09
Extent: 
65 pages
Publication Status: 
Draft (posted 'as is' without peer review)
Table of Contents: 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 4 2. ADDITIVE CONJOINING STRATEGIES ........................................................................................................ 4 2.1. ADDITIVE CONJUNCTION KE ‘AND’ .................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1. ke linking NPs ........................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2. ke linking clauses ...................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2.1. ke linking closely related actions ......................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2.2. ke linking cause and effect clauses ...................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.2.3. ke linking a purpose clause ................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2. ADDITIVE CONJUNCTION ADA ‘AND’ .................................................................................................................. 7 2.2.1. ada linking NPs and NPS with clauses ..................................................................................................... 7 2.2.2. ada linking clauses ................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.2.1. ada linking clauses of equal status ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.3. ada linking sentences ................................................................................................................................ 9 2.3. ADA AND KE ‘AND’ IN THE SAME SENTENCE ...................................................................................................... 10 2.3.1. Alternating ada and ke ............................................................................................................................ 10 2.3.2. ada and ke functioning together .............................................................................................................. 10 2.4. ACCOMPANITIVE NODI ...................................................................................................................................... 11 2.5 COMITATIVE WA- ............................................................................................................................................... 12 2.6. KADUWE ‘ALSO’ ............................................................................................................................................... 13 2.5.1. kaduwe on the phrase level ..................................................................................................................... 13 2.5.2. kaduwe on the clause level ...................................................................................................................... 13 2.5.3. kaduwe on the sentence level .................................................................................................................. 14 2.7. JUXTAPOSITION ONLY, WITH NO CONJUNCTION ................................................................................................ 15 2.6.1. Serial verbs .............................................................................................................................................. 15 2.6.2. Verbs repeated indicating duration of action .......................................................................................... 16 2.6.3. Directional verb phrases ......................................................................................................................... 18 2.6.4 Reason clauses with fai-na ‘basis-3sIA’ occurring clause final ............................................................... 18 2.8. TAIL-HEAD LINKAGE ........................................................................................................................................ 19 3. DEVELOPMENTAL MARKER ‘E’ ................................................................................................................. 20 3.1. E ‘DM’ SIGNALLING MOVING ON TO THE NEXT DEVELOPMENTAL UNIT ............................................................. 20 3.2. E ‘DM’ INDICATING A SHIFT FROM BACKGROUND INFORMATION TO EVENTLINE, AND VICE VERSA .................. 21 3.3. E ‘DM’ LENGTHENED INDICATING A LENGTHY ACTION .................................................................................... 23 3.4. E ‘DM’ USED IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ....................................................................................................... 23 3.5 DISTRIBUTION OF E ‘DM’ OVER A NARRATIVE .................................................................................................. 23 4. CONJUNCTION AKU INDICATING A SWITCH ........................................................................................... 25 4.1. AKU LINKING CLAUSES ...................................................................................................................................... 25 4.1.1. aku linking descriptive phrases and clauses on the concrete level .......................................................... 25 4.1.2. aku linking clauses on the abstract level, presenting contrast................................................................. 26 4.1.3. aku linking clauses and indicating simultaneous actions ....................................................................... 27 4.1.4. aku as a clitic .......................................................................................................................................... 28 4.2. AKU INTRODUCING SENTENCES ........................................................................................................................ 29 5. TURNING POINT CONJUNCTION AYO ....................................................................................................... 30 5.1. AYO INDICATING A TURNING POINT IN A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS ......................................................................... 30 5.2. AYO INDICATING TURNING POINT IN ACTIONS PERFORMED INDICATING RESULT ................................................ 31 5.3 AYO ENDING QUESTION CLAUSES........................................................................................................................ 32 6. ALTERNATIVE CONJUNCTION O ‘OR’, KAI ‘OR’ AND O KAI ‘OR’ ..................................................... 33 6.1. O ‘OR’ .............................................................................................................................................................. 33 6.2. KAI ‘POSSIBILITY’ ............................................................................................................................................. 34 6.3. O KAI ‘OR POSSIBLY’ ........................................................................................................................................ 34 7. PURPOSE CLAUSES .......................................................................................................................................... 35 7.1. WITH KE ‘AND’ ................................................................................................................................................. 35 3 7.2. WITH A ZERO CONNECTOR ................................................................................................................................ 36 8. REASON-RESULT SENTENCES ..................................................................................................................... 37 8.1. FAINA ‘BECAUSE’ (LITERALLY ‘BASIS-3SIA’) .................................................................................................... 37 8.1.1. faina with a grammatically simple reason, forming a possessive NP ...................................................... 37 8.1.2. faina linking clauses ................................................................................................................................ 38 8.1.3. faina linking sentences ............................................................................................................................ 39 8.2. VUVUNA ‘BASE-3SIA’ ....................................................................................................................................... 40 8.3. AGA ‘THEN’ INTRODUCING RESULT CLAUSE ..................................................................................................... 41 8.4. TAIDEI/TAINEI FAINA ‘THIS/THAT BASIS-3SIA’ LINKING SENTENCES .................................................................. 42 9. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS ............................................................................................................. 43 9.1. VAITA ‘AS IF’ ..................................................................................................................................................... 43 9.1.1. vaita as a complementizer........................................................................................................................ 43 9.1.2. vaita following desiderative or speech verbs ........................................................................................... 44 9.1.2.1. vaita following desiderative verbs ...................................................................................................................... 44 9.1.2.2. vaita following speech verbs to introduce indirect speech ................................................................................. 44 9.1.3. vaita expressing similarities .................................................................................................................... 45 9.1.4. vaita used to introduce a contrafactive clause ........................................................................................ 45 9.2. ANAFAIWEYA ‘LIKE’ ........................................................................................................................................... 46 9.2.1. anafaiweya linking a list .......................................................................................................................... 47 9.2.2. anafaiweya linking a descriptive clause or sentence ............................................................................... 47 9.2.3. anafaiweya linking comments to topics in sentences expressing similarities ......................................... 48 9.3. NONOGA(NA) ‘CONTRARY TO EXPECTATION’ ..................................................................................................... 49 9.4. AENANAI~AENANADI ‘LEST’ ............................................................................................................................... 50 9.5. TEMPORAL CONJUNCTIONS .............................................................................................................................. 50 9.5.1. tovanai ‘time-3s.DEF’ -- sometimes functioning as the conjunction ‘when’ .......................................... 50 9.5.2. ‘until’ ...................................................................................................................................................... 52 9.5.2.1. ana laba ~ ana etowava ‘its measurement’ ....................................................................................................... 52 9.5.2.2. ada gielai ‘and it came’ = ‘until’ and ada ginau ‘and it went’ = ‘until’ ........................................................... 52 10. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ........................................................................................................................ 53 10.1. KAI ‘POS’ AND AGA ‘THEN’ CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................................... 53 10.2. KAI ‘POS’ WITH E ‘DEVELOPMENTAL MARKER’ (DM) ................................................................................... 54 10.3. KAI ‘POS’ WITHOUT AGA ‘THEN’ .................................................................................................................... 54 10.4. GAVA ‘WHATEVER’ WITH AGA ‘THEN’ ............................................................................................................. 55 11. SPACER ANI ..................................................................................................................................................... 55 11.1. ANI FUNCTIONING ON THE CLAUSE LEVEL ....................................................................................................... 56 11.1.1. ani following heavy noun phrases in topic/comment constructions....................................................... 56 11.1.2. ani following relative clauses ................................................................................................................ 56 11.1.3. ani marking the end of a list which is topic ........................................................................................... 57 11.2. ANI FUNCTIONING DISCOURSE PRAGMATICALLY, NOT OBLIGATORY ............................................................... 57 11.2.1. ani in nonverbal topic-comment sentences ............................................................................................ 57 11.2.2. ani in other environments ..................................................................................................................... 58 11.3. ANI IN AN IRREALIS VERB CONSTRUCTION ....................................................................................................... 60 12. ABBREVIATIONS & SYMBOLS .................................................................................................................... 62 13. BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................... 65
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Papua New Guinea
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Entry Number: 
58243