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Preface
A. Comparing literal and idiomatic translations B. Comparing various versions
A. Identifying historical and didactic passages B. Application to “figs” C. Identifying naturalness D. Historical fidelity E. Accuracy of meaning F. Comparing versions
A. Ellipsis B. Linguistically obligatory additions C. Omitted chronological sequences D. Omitted main clause with reason clauses E. Making information explicit F. Old Testament quotations G. Review
A. Identifying the semantic class of a word B. Matching semantic and grammatical classes C. Identifying the meaning components of a word D. Identifying generic-specific changes E. Using a more generic word F. Using a more specific word G. Identifying the pronominal referent H. Identifying the meaning components of some key words
Section 1. Analyzing the components of meaning of words
A. Spirit B. Flesh C. Glory
Section 2. The components of meaning of pronouns
A. Inclusive-exclusive B. Number C. Honorifics
Section 3. The components of meaning in kinship terms
A. Son B. Daughter C. Brother D. Older brother and younger brother E. An example from Aguaruna F. Siblings
Section 4. Obligatory possession
A. Examples based on Guafiro B. Examples based on Guajiro, continued C. Obligatory possession and kinship terms D. Obligatory possession and body parts E. Obligatory possession, number, and inclusive-exclusive
Section 5. The components of meaning in tense and aspect markers
A. Tense B. Aspect C. “Dead” suffix in Amuesha
A. Various senses B. Figurative senses, based on contiguity C. Figurative senses, based on part-whole associations D. Meaning in context
Section 1. Extended use of pronouns
A. Extended use of plural for singular B. Extended use of singular for plural C. Extended use of person D. Implicit exclusiveness E. Review F. General pronouns G. Review
Section 2. Figurative senses and symbolic actions
A. Metonymy B. Synecdoche C. Hyperbole D. Euphemism E. Source-language idioms F. Symbolic actions
A. Simile B. Metaphor C. Identifying topic, image, and point of similarity D. Dead versus live metaphors E. Meanings of dead metaphors
A. Making explicit the three parts of a metaphor B. Changing metaphors to similes C. Changing to a nonfigurative form D. Review
A. Spirit B. Tongue C. House D. Comparing versions E. Old and New Testament concordance
A. Identifying potential collocational clashes B. Basis for collocational clashes C. Basis for collocational clashes, continued D. Elicitation
A. Semantically complex words B. Semantic doublets C. Negating an Antonym D. Litotes E. Reciprocal equivalent F. Generic-specific G. Changing to nonfigurative usage
A. Form versus function B. Modified with a statement of function C. Loan word modified with a classifier D. Loan word modified with a specification of form or function or both E. Cultural substitutes F. Identifying lexical equivalence
Review--Identifying translation adjustments
Section 1. Passive-active
A. Identifying passives and actives B. Changing passives to actives C. Changing actives to passives D. Causative
Section 2. Abstract nouns
A. Identifying abstract nouns B. Changing abstract nouns to verb phrases C. Identifying more abstract nouns D. Changing abstract nouns to relative clauses E. Review
Section 3. Participles
A. Changing participles to relative clauses B. Changing participles to finite verbs C. Changing finite verbs to participles D. Review
Section 4. Attributives
A. Changing attributives B. Review
Section 5. Objectivization and Personification
A. Objectivization B. Personification
Section 6. Chronological order
Section 7. Negatives
A. Double negatives B. Restating as a positive statement C. Placement of the negative D. Changing negative to “only” clauses
Section 8. Review
A. Identifying adjustments B. Identifying adjustments, continued
A. Real versus rhetorical questions B. Changing rhetorical questions to statements C. Changing rhetorical questions with a negative particle to positive statements D. Real versus rhetorical questions, continued E. Supplying the answer to a rhetorical question F. Functions of rhetorical questions G. Review H. Review I. Identifying translation adjustments
Section 1. Restating genitive constructions
A. Genitive constructions restated as State propositions B. Genitive constructions restated as Event propositions C. Genitive constructions containing abstract nouns D. Genitive constructions containing implied Events E. Genitive construction representing two propositions F. Genitive constructions using “…of God” G. Making the implied Event explicit H. Changing genitive constructions
Section 2. Classifying genitive constructions
A. Those that may be restated as State propositions B. Those that may be restated as Event propositions C. Those in which the Event is implicit and which may be restated as Event propositions
Section 3. Review
Section 1. Analyzing the surface structure
A. Analyzing “work of…” B. Analyzing “love of…” C. Identifying the underlying meaning of identical grammatical structures D. Identifying State and Event propositions E. Identifying implicit Events F. Identifying Developmental and Supporting propositions G. Identifying paragraph boundaries H. Identifying sections I. Identifying the Theme propositions in Acts J. Section or paragraph markers
Section 2. Practice in writing propositions
A. Writing propositions B. Writing Romans 1:1-7 as propositions C. Adjectival constructions, abstract nouns, and propositions D. Metonymy, synecdoche, and pro positions E. Figures of speech and propositions F. Metaphors, genitive constructions and propositions G. Review H. Stating propositions
Section 1. Addition
A. Chronological sequence versus simultaneity B. Other types of Addition
Section 2. Specific types of support relations
A. Support propositions that clarify and are distinct in meaning B. Support propositions that clarify and are similar in meaning C. Support propositions that argue D. Condition of fact versus contrary-to-fact E. Identifying types of conditional clauses F. “Unless” clauses or conditionals G. Support propositions that orient H. Support propositions that are related to part of a proposition I. Propositional display of Colossians 1:1-5 J. Propositional display of Titus 1:5-16
A. Identifying potential translation problems B. Identifying potential translation problems, continued C. Identifying adjustments that have been made in a translation
A. Indentation format in a display B. Labeling relations in a display C. Identifying larger semantic units in 3 John D. Identifying larger semantic units in Luke 12
A. Identifying Event words B. Identifying implicit Events C. Using verbs to express Events D. Using verbs to express genitive constructions E. Review F. Semantic display of propositions G. Translating into “Glish”
Section 1. Discourse types and factors differentiating them
A. Identifying discourse types B. Changing first person to third C. Changing third person to first D. Hortatory discourse E. Explanatory discourse F. Person orientation of metaphors
Section 2. Sentence length
A. Dividing long sentences B. Combining short sentences
Section 3. Involvement of the narrator
Section 4. Vocatives
A. Attitude of the speaker using vocative phrases B. Functions of the vocative phrase C. Changing vocative phrases to a different grammatical construction
Section 5. Quotations within discourse
A. Changing indirect speech to direct speech in Navajo B. Using “said” plus direct speech in Waiwai C. Using “said” plus direct speech in Chontal D. Using “said” plus direct speech in Auca E. Using direct speech for purpose clauses in Aguaruna F. Using direct speech for purpose clauses in Gahuku G. Changing direct speech to indirect in Nilotic languages
Section 1. Groupings
A. Changing order of clauses B. Placing verbal complements before the verb C. Placement of the vocative phrase D. Topic sentences E. Paragraph divisions F. Interpolations G. Chronological order H. Order of clauses within sentences I. Thematic groupings
Section 2. Chronological sequence
A. Reordering chronologically B. Reordering for logical and chronological order
A. Lexical cohesion B. Tracing participants through the discourse C. Identifying the antecedent D. Pronominal reference E. Use of role F. Fourth person G. Introducing participants H. Clause connectors I. Applying discourse rules
A. Thematic prominence B. Thematic function of relative clauses C. Prominence with focus value D. Focus of participants
A. Known and new information B. Linking new to known information in discourse C. Preview and summary D. Reducing the rate of information E. Expected information
