Ika Syntax: Studies in the Languages of Colombia 1

Map
Foreword
Abbreviations

1 Introduction

1.1 The genetic classification of the Ika language
1.2 The Bíntukwa people
1.3 The source of data for this study

1.4-1.14 The typological characteristics of Ika
1.4 Word order
1.5 Adpositions
1.6 Head noun and adjective
1.7 Head noun and genitive
1.8 Affixation
1.9 Relative clauses
1.10 Comparatives
1.11 Negation
1.12 Questions
1.13 Coding of major syntactic functions
1.14 Ergativity

1.15 Ika phonology

1.16-1.19 Ika morphophonemics
1.16 Phonologically conditioned variation
1.17 Alternations applying only at morpheme boundaries
1.18 Vowel/Ø alternations
1.19 Morphophonemic fusion

2 Word Classes in Ika

2.1 Nouns
2.2 Adjectives

2.3-2.10 Verbs
2.3 Intransitive verbs
2.4 Transitive verbs
2.5 Bitransitive verbs
2.6 Impersonal verbs
2.7 Verbs with sentential objects
2.8 Quotation-like verbs
2.9 Copular verbs
2.10 Auxiliary verbs

2.11 Adverbs
2.12 Pronouns
2.13 Noun adjuncts
2.14 Verb adjuncts
2.15 Conjunctions
2.16 Postpositions

3 The Noun Phrase

3.1 Quantifiers
3.2 Numerals
3.3 Adjectives
3.4 Articles
3.5 Case marking
3.6 Nouns as modifiers

4 Case Marking and Postpositional Phrases

4.1 -se 'locative, source/goal, ergative'
4.2 -sin 'instrument, accompaniment, and conjunction'
4.3 -ikin 'limitative'
4.4 -eki 'locative'
4.5 -aba 'location' and 'time'
4.6 -n 'by means of'
4.7 zei 'genitive'
4.8 pad 'from'
4.9 zani 'to be from'
4.10 Other markers of positions

5 The Verb Phrase

5.1 Auxiliary verbs
5.2 Agreement
5.3 Locationals and noun classes
5.4 Temporal aspect

5.5-5.10 Modal suffixes
5.5 -ikua (obligation)
5.6 -ikuei (ability)
5.7 -wi na (prohibition)
5.8 -iwa (intention)
5.9 -ngua (future) and -nguasi (purpose)
5.10 -iza (result)

5.11 Deictic suffixes

5.12-5.15 Valence change
5.12 Causatives
5.13 k - (peripheral participant) and valence increase
5.14 Benefactives
5.15 Reciprocals and reflexives

5.16 Comparatives and equatives
5.17 an- (reference)

6 Clause Formation

6.1 Declaratives

6.2-6.3 Questions
6.2 Yes/No questions
6.3 Content questions

6.4-6.6 Imperatives
6.4 Immediate imperatives
6.5 Future imperatives
6.6 Hortatory

6.7 Negation

7 Sentence Formation

7.1 Temporal clause connectors
7.2 Logical clause connectors
7.3 Sentence introducers

8 Subordination

8.1 Relative clauses
8.2 Locative nominalized clauses

8.3-8.8 Complementation
8.3 Verbs with full sentence complements
8.4 Verbs with complements not marked for mood
8.5 Indirect questions
8.6 Motion verbs with purpose complements
8.7 Resultant state complements
8.8 a džun 'want'

8.9 Adverbial clauses of simultaneous action

9 Pragmatics

9.1 Nonreferential subjects
9.2 Off-stage subjects
9.3 Ergative marking of agent noun phrases
9.4 Focus

9.5-9.9 The pragmatics of clause organization
9.5 Zero anaphora
9.6 The linear order of clause constituents
9.7 -ri (topic)
9.8 Participant reference
9.9 Optional auxiliary verbs and pragmatic structuring

10 Conclusion

References