Meaning-Based Translation Workbook: Biblical Exercises

Preface
Additional Reading, Scripture References, and Acknowledgements

Overview of the Translation Task

1. Form and Meaning
1. Analyzing "work of..."
2. Analyzing "love of..."
3. Identifying the underlying meaning of identical grammatical structures
4. Types of adjustments
2. Kinds of Translations
1. Comparing literal and idiomatic translation
2. Comparing various versions
3. Identifying naturalness
4. Historical fidelity
5. Accuracy of meaning
6. Comparing versions
7. Comparing versions
3. The Semantic Structure of Language
1. Semantic classes
2. Skewing between semantics and grammar, examples from the Psalms
3. Skewing between semantics and grammar, examples from Romans
4. Eliminating skewing between semantic and grammatical classes
4. Implicit Meaning
1. Ellipsis
2. Linguistically obligatory additions in the receptor language
3. Implied identification of a referent
4. Implied contextual information
5. Implied cultural information
6. Old Testament quotations
7. Review
5. Steps in a Translation Project

The Lexicon

6. Words as "Bundles" of Meaning
1. Identifying the semantic class of a word
2. Identifying semantic classes
3. Identifying Event words
4. Identifying implicit Events
7. Some Relationships between Lexical Items
1. Identifying the meaning components of a word
2. Identifying generic-specific changes
3. Using a more generic word
4. Using a more specific word
8. Discovering Meaning by Grouping and Contrast
1. Taxonomies
9. Mismatching of Lexical Systems between Languages
1. Son
2. Daughter
3. Brother
4. Older brother and younger brother
5. Obligatory possession
6. Obligatory possession and kinship terms
7. Obligatory possession and body parts
8. Tense
9. Aspect
10. "Dead" suffix in Amuesha
10. Multiple Senses of Lexical Items
1. Multiple senses of "church"
2. Multiple senses of "arms"
3. Multiple senses of "bless"
4. Secondary senses of "body"
5. Secondary senses
11. Figurative Senses of Lexical Items
1. Various senses
2. Figurative senses, based on association
3. Figurative senses, based on part-whole associations
4. Meaning in context
5. Metonymy
6. Identifying metonymy
7. Synecdoche
8. Identifying synecdoche
9. Changing hyperbole
10. Identifying hyperbole and hypobole
11. Changing euphemisms
12. Identifying euphemism
13. Euphemisms: Old Testament examples
14. Source-language idioms
12. Person Reference
1. Identifying the pronominal referent
2. Inclusive/Exclusive
3. Pronominal distinctions of number
4. Honorifics
5. Use of first person plural for first person singular
6. Use of first person singular in a generic sense
7. Use of third person for first or second person
8. Use of second or third person for first person plural
9. General pronouns
10. Review
11. Review
12. Review from Psalms
13. Objectivization
14. Personification
15. Personification and apostrophe
16. Changing personification and apostrophe
13. Lexical Items and Situational Context
1. Symbolic actions
2. Interpersonal relations and choice of vocabulary
3. Identifying adjustments
4. Elicitation
14. Collocation of Lexical Items
1. Tongue
2. House
3. Comparing versions
4. Old and New Testament concordance
5. Identifying potential collocational clashes
6. Basis for collocational clashes
7. Basis for collocational clashes, continued
15. Lexical Equivalents When Concepts are Shared
1. Semantically complex words
2. Semantic doublets
3. Negating an antonym
4. Litotes
5. Reciprocal equivalent
6. Changing to nonfigurative expression
16. Lexical Equivalents When Concepts are Unknown
1. Form versus function
2. Modified with a statement of function
3. Loan word modified with a classifier
4. Cultural substitutes
5. Identifying lexical equivalence
6. Loan word modified with a specification of form or function, or both
7. Identifying historical and didactic passages
8. Evaluating faithfulness
17. Special Problems in Finding Lexical Equivalents
1. Identifying the meaning components of some key words
2. Analyzing the components of meaning of key words

Review of Chapters 6-17

1. Identifying translation adjustments
2. Identifying translation adjustments
3. Identifying translation adjustments

Propositional Structure

18. Propositions
1. Adjusting adjectives
2. Adjective modifying an abstract noun
3. Eliminating abstract nouns and participles
4. Adjectival constructions, abstract nouns, and propositions
5. Metonymy, synecdoche, and propositions
6. Writing propositions
7. Writing Luke 1:76-77 as propositions
8. Writing Titus 1:1-3 as propositions
9. Writing propositions
19. Relations within Event Propositions
1. Making implied Events explicit
2. Analyzing "work of..."
3. Analyzing "love of..."
4. Identifying the underlying meaning of identical grammatical structures
5. Identifying semantic roles
6. Restructuring for naturalness
7. One form with various meanings (from Barnwell 1974:174-75)
20. Relations within State Propositions
1. Genitive constructions restated as State propositions
2. Identifying State and Event propositions
3. Identifying implicit Events
4. Writing State propositions
5. Writing Romans 1:1-7 as propositions
21. Skewing between Propositional Structure and Clause Structure
1. Identifying abstract nouns
2. Changing abstract nouns to verb phrases
3. Identifying and unskewing abstract nouns
4. Changing abstract nouns to relative clauses
5. Changing order within clauses
6. Placing verbal complements before the verb
7. Review
8. Identifying passives and actives
9. Changing passives to actives
10. Making the agent explicit
11. Changing actives to passives
12. Causative
13. Changing participles to relative clauses
14. Changing participles to finite verbs
15. Changing finite verbs to participles
16. Genitive constructions with no explicit event
17. Genitive constructions with an explicit event
18. Genitive constructions containing abstract nouns
19. Genitive constructions containing implied Events
20. Genitive constructions representing two propositions
21. Genitive constructions using "...of God"
22. Old Testament examples
23. Adjusting genitive constructions
24. Complex genitive phrases
25. Genitive constructions which do not involve an Event proposition
26. Constructions that involve an Event proposition

Review of Chapters 18-21

1. Identifying translation adjustments
22. Skewing of Illocutionary Force and Grammatical Form
1. Real versus rhetorical questions
2. Real versus rhetorical questions, continued
3. Changing rhetorical questions to statements
4. Real versus rhetorical questions, continued
5. Rewriting rhetorical questions
6. Supplying the answer to a rhetorical question
7. Functions of rhetorical questions
8. Adjusting to a rhetorical question
9. Adjusting forms of questions
10. Adjusting rhetorical questions
11. Double negatives
12. Restating as a positive statement
13. Negatives in statements of exception
14. Placement of negatives
15. Changing negatives to "only" clauses
16. Negative-positive sets
17. Positive-negative sets
18. Changing rhetorical questions with a negative particle to positive statements
19. Irony
20. Review
21. Review
23. Figurative Propositions/Metaphors and Similes
1. Analyzing similes
2. Dead versus live metaphors
3. Meanings of dead metaphors (idioms)
4. Analyzing metaphors
5. Identifying topic, image, and point of similarity
6. Changing metaphors to similes
7. Changing to a nonfigurative form
8. Old Testament metaphors
9. Adjusting metaphors
10. Review of figures of speech
24. More on Propositional Analysis
1. Identifying the underlying meaning of identical grammatical structures
2. Identifying Event words
3. Using verbs to express Events
4. Figures of speech and propositions
5. Metaphors, genitive constructions, and propositions

Review of Chapters 18--24

1. Writing propositions
2. Stating propositions

Communications Relations

25. Addition and Support Relations
1. Identifying larger units related to concepts
2. Propositions that are related to concepts within the proposition
3. Chronological sequence versus simultaneity
4. Other types of Addition
5. Identifying relationships
6. Omitted chronological sequences
7. Identifying Addition and Support propositions
8. Chronological order
9. Chiasmus
26. Orientation and Clarification Relations
1. Support propositions that orient
2. Support propositions that clarify and are distinct in meaning
3. Support propositions that clarify and are similar in meaning
4. Identifying clarification relations
5. Identifying clarification relations
27. Logical Relations
1. Propositions that argue
2. Condition of fact versus contrary-to-fact
3. Identifying types of conditional clauses
4. "Unless" clauses or conditionals
5. Omitted main clause with reason clauses
6. Making information explicit
7. Identifying logical relations
8. Logical order
9. Order of clauses within sentences
10. More practice in identifying logical relations
28. Stimulus-RESPONSE Roles
1. Changing indirect speech to direct speech in Navajo
2. Using "said" plus direct speech in Waiwai
3. Using "said" plus direct speech in Chontal
4. Using "said" plus direct speech in Auca
5. Using direct speech for purpose clauses in Aguaruna
6. Using direct speech for purpose clauses in Gahuku
7. Changing direct speech to indirect in Nilotic languages
8. Identifying speech roles
9. Identifying Stimulus-RESPONSE roles

Review of Chapters 24-28

1. Labeling relations in a display
2. Writing as propositions
3. Propositional display of Col. 1:1-5
4. Propositional display of Titus 1:5-16

Review of Chapters 1-28

1. Identifying potential translation problems
2. Identifying potential translation problems (continued)
3. Identifying adjustments that have been made in a translation
4. Translation into "Glish"
5. Review exercise: Identifying translation adjustments

Texts

29. Groupings
1. Dividing long sentences
2. Combining short sentences
3. Reordering chronologically
4. Reordering for logical and chronological order
5. Identifying paragraph boundaries
6. Identifying sections
7. Identifying larger semantic units in 3 John
8. Identifying larger semantic units in Luke 12
9. Topic sentences
10. Section or paragraph markers
11. Interpolations
12. Thematic groupings
13. Review exercise
30. Discourse Genre
1. Identifying discourse types
2. Changing third person to first
3. Changing first to third person
4. Person in hortatory discourse
5. Person orientation of metaphors
6. Hortatory discourse
31. Cohesion
1. Lexical cohesion
2. Tracing participants through the discourse
3. Identifying the antecedent
4. Pronominal reference
5. Use of role
6. Fourth person
7. Introducing participants
8. Clause connectors
9. Review through applying discourse rules
32. Prominence
1. Thematic prominence
2. Thematic function of relative clauses
3. Prominence with focus value
4. Focus of participants
5. Identifying the theme propositions in Acts
33. The Communication Situation
1. Involvement of the narrator
2. Attitude of the speaker using vocative phrases
3. Functions of the vocative phrase
4. Changing vocative phrases to a different grammatical construction
5. Attitude of the speaker
6. Placement of the vocative phrase
7. Aspects of the communication situation
34. The Information Load
1. Known and new information
2. Linking new to known information in discourse
3. Preview and summary
4. Reducing the rate of information
5. Expected information

The Translation Project

35. Establishing the Project
36. Translation Procedures
1. Asoinda text (Saramaccan) (prepared by Catherine Rountree)
2. Dawson text (Saramaccan) (prepared by Catherine Rountree)
3. Alekano text: "The Bicycle"
37. Testing the Translation
1. Apeninge text (Saramaccan) (prepared by Catherine Rountree)
2. Comprehension questions
3. Identifying adjustments that have been made in a translation