SIL Electronic Survey Report 2004-012, August 2004
Copyright © 2004 Steve and Trina Graham and SIL International
All rights reserved.
West Africa Lusolexed Creoles Word List File Documentation
Steve and Trina Graham
Abstract
The site contains some supporting data for a social network study by Steve Graham, focusing on the West Africa Lusolexed Creoles spoken on some of the Cape Verde Islands. The data for the West Africa Lusolexed Creoles was collected during six months of sociolinguistic research on the Cape Verde Islands in 1996, and during five months of sociolinguistic research on the island in the Gulf of Guinea in 1997. The report contains documentation of speakers' lexical data.
1. Documentation of Word Lists
This website contains the supporting data for a social network study by Steve Graham, focusing on the West Africa Lusolexed Creoles spoken on the Cape Verde Islands of: Santo Antão, São Vicente, São Nicolau, Sal, Boavista, Maio, Santiago, Fogo, and Brava; and the Gulf of Guinea Islands of: Bioko, Príncipe, São Tomé, and Annobón. The data was collected for the study by Steve and Trina Graham during six months of sociolinguistic research on the Cape Verde Islands in 1996, and during five months of sociolinguistic research on the islands in the Gulf of Guinea in 1997. The data was collected from a total of twenty-nine Lusolexed Creoles speakers, representing an urban and rural context on each of these islands. The research assumes that each speaker is a constituent of a local community of social networks, and views the constituent speaker as an actor representing the local community. Hence, the speakers were interviewed and screened to assure a strong, long-term affiliation in the local community through birth, family ties, work ties, and minimal travel outside the local area.
The data is comprised of 169 lexical items elicited from each of the twenty-nine speakers. The data was elicited in Portuguese from Lusolexed Creoles speakers who demonstrated that they were not uncomfortable holding a conversation in Portuguese. The observers’ paradox was thus considered in the preparation for data collection, accepting the traditional view of a tendency for these languages to move toward the lexifier language. To minimize the influence of Portuguese on the data, the Portuguese glosses were not given in the elicitation process. A semi-monolingual/descriptive approach was employed. The monolingual aspect included miming actions, pointing to objects, or pointing at qualities of objects, such as color and number. In cases where the monolingual approach was not feasible, a description of the object, action or quality was given in Portuguese. The final step included giving the Portuguese gloss to check the elicitation gained in the semi-monolingual/descriptive process. This elicitation process was duplicated in Spanish for the data collected in Equatorial Guinea.
Attempts were made during the elicitation process to articulate each lexical item, soliciting the speakers’ correction of the attempted articulation of each lexical item. Once the particular speaker was satisfied with the articulation, the transcription was finalized using the International Phonetic Alphabet. Each lexical item was then recorded in a format of three utterances in succession in a separate sound file containing the three utterances of the lexical item.
The data on the website is organized into directories: (1) Cape Verde Creoles and (2) Gulf of Guinea Creoles. The Cape Verde Creoles are organized into subdirectories by island: Santo Antão, São Vicente, São Nicolau, Sal, Boavista, Maio, Santiago, Fogo, and Brava, The Gulf of Guinea Creoles are organized into subdirectories by language: Angolar, Annobonese, Principense, and Sãotomense. All the files are organized into subsequent subdirectories by different elicitation locations on each of the islands.
The list of 170 lexical items, adopted in this study, was developed by the International Language Assessment Coordinator for the Summer Institute of Linguistics in an effort to standardize the lexical data collected by its language assessment personnel. Lexical item number 55, spear, was disqualified, as it was not perceived as appropriate by the speakers of the Creoles on the Cape Verde Islands and the islands in the Gulf of Guinea, (Most of these speakers tended to perceive the item as a stereotyping of the cultures of continental Africa, and they seemed to resist the possibility of it stereotyping their island cultures). This resulted in a list of 169 lexical relations for analysis: eye, ear, nose, mouth, tooth, tongue, head, hair, neck, belly, navel, breast, buttocks, knee, foot, hand, fingernail, skin, intestine, bone, urine, blood, heart, liver, human, man, husband, father, woman, wife, child, name, cow, goat, dog, elephant, snake, louse, tortoise, fish, chicken, bird, feather, wing, horn, tail, egg, milk, fat, animal, salt, seed, pot, iron, (spear), war, knife, stool, house, village, rope, night, moon, star, sun, sky, cloud, wind, rain, dew, water, river, fire, smoke, firewood, ash, mountain, ground, dust, sand, stone, tree, root, tree bark, leaf, path, year, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, warm, cold, dry, hunger, long, tall, short, small, round, all, many, full, good, new, who, what, why, red, black, white, bite, eat, drink, vomit, cough, suck, spit, blow, whistle, sing, laugh, dog bark, smell, see, say, hear, show, push, press, pull, fly, play, throw, hit, walk, swim, sit down, stand up, lie down, fall, sleep, give, steal, kill, split, wash pot, wash clothes, scratch, cultivate, pour, burn, swell, fear, know, want, count, send, come, leave, marry, give birth, die, and bury.
2. Documentation of Locations
The following table provides the location information for the actors/speakers tendering the lexical data, along with the local name of the Portuguese-based Creole spoken at the location. Click on the actor designator, in the first column, for detailed information on the actor/speaker and location.
3. Documentation of Actors/Speakers Tendering Lexical Data
Actor SA1:
Place of birth:
Ribeira Grande, Santo Antão, Cape Verde
Gender: Female
Age:
20
Occupation: Market vendor
Education: 9 years
Data collected by:
Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Ribeira Grande, Santo Antão, Cape
Verde
Year: 1996
Language names, in order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – This is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language, and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Barlavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor SA2:
Place of birth: Corda,
Santo Antão, Cape Verde
Gender: Female
Age: 50
Occupation:
Gardener
Education: No formal education
Collected by: Steve and Trina
Graham
Location: Corda, Santo Antão, Cape Verde
Year: 1996
Language names, in order of speaker
use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
– is a term
used in reference to the rural Creole (basilect Creole?) spoken on this island.
- “Kabuverdianu Barlavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor SA3:
Place of birth: Porto
Novo, Santo Antão, Cape Verde
Gender: Female
Age:
31
Occupation: Homemaker
Education: 11 years
Collected by: Steve and
Trina Graham
Location: Porto Novo, Santo Antão, Cape Verde
Year:
1996
Language names, in order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Barlavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor SV1:
Place of birth:
Mindelo, São Vicente, Cape Verde
Gender: Male
Age: 33
Occupation: Church leader
Education: 11 years plus Seminary
Collected by:
Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Mindelo, São Vicente, Cape
Verde
Year: 1996
Language names, in order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Barlavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor SV2:
Place of birth:
Salamansa, São Vicente, Cape Verde
Gender: Male
Age:
44
Occupation: President of the Town Council
Education: 11 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Salamansa, São
Vicente, Cape Verde
Year: 1996
Language names, in order of speaker
use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Barlavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor SN1:
Place of birth:
Ribeira Brava, São Nicolau, Cape Verde
Gender: Male
Age:
39
Occupation: Cobbler
Education: 4 years
Collected by: Steve and
Trina Graham
Location: Ribeira Brava, São Nicolau, Cape Verde
Year: 1996
Language names, in order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Barlavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “São Nicolense” – is a term used by some scholars at the Roman Catholic Seminary, the first in Africa, in reference to the local language.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor SN2:
Place of birth: Campine,
São Nicolau, Cape Verde
Gender: Male
Age: 72
Occupation:
Farmer
Education: 4 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Campine, São Nicolau, Cape Verde
Year: 1996
Language
names, in order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Barlavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “São Nicolense” – is a term used by some scholars at the Roman Catholic Seminary, the first in Africa, in reference to the local language.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor SL1:
Place of birth:
Espargos, Sal, Cape Verde
Gender: Female
Age: 56
Occupation:
businesswomen
Education: 9 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina
Graham
Location: Espargos, Sal, Cape Verde
Year: 1996
Language
names, in order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Barlavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor SL2:
Place of birth:
Palmeira, Sal, Cape Verde
Gender: Female
Age: 54
Occupation:
Homemaker
Education: 4 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Palmeira, Sal, Cape Verde
Year: 1996
Language names, in order
of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Barlavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor BV1:
Place of birth: Sal
Rei, Boavista, Cape Verde
Gender: Male
Age: 30
Occupation:
Librarian
Education: 9 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina Graham
Year: 1996
Location: Sal Rei, Boavista, Cape Verde
Language names, in
order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Barlavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor BV2:
Place of birth:
Espingueira, Boavista, Cape Verde
Gender: Male
Age: 56
Occupation:
Fisherman
Education: 4 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Espingueira, Boavista, Cape Verde
Year: 1996
Language names,
in order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Barlavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor B1:
Place of birth: Vila
Nova Sintra, Brava, Cape Verde
Gender: Male
Age: 43
Occupation:
Commercial motorist
Education: 6 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina
Graham
Location: Vila Nova Sintra, Brava, Cape Verde
Year: 1996
Language names, in order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Sotavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor B2:
Place of birth: Nossa
Senhora do Monte, Brava, Cape Verde
Gender: Female
Age: 48
Occupation: Merchant
Education: 9 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina
Graham
Location: Nossa Senhora do Monte, Brava, Cape Verde
Year:
1996
Language names, in order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Sotavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor F1:
Place of birth:
São Filipe, Fogo, Cape Verde
Gender: Male
Age: 22
Occupation: Night guard
Education: 4 years
Collected by: Steve and
Trina Graham
Location: São Filipe, Fogo, Cape Verde
Year:
1996
Language names, in order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Sotavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor F2:
Place of birth:
Mosteiros, Fogo, Cape Verde
Gender: Male
Age: 26
Occupation:
Chauffeur
Education: 6 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Mosteiros, Fogo, Cape Verde
Year: 1996
Language names, in
order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Sotavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor S1:
Place of birth: Praia,
Santiago, Cape Verde
Gender: Female
Age: 27
Occupation:
Housekeeper
Education: 6 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Praia, Santiago, Cape Verde
Year: 1996
Language names, in
order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Sotavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor S2:
Place of birth:
Tarrafal, Santiago, Cape Verde
Gender: Male
Age: 24
Occupation:
Student
Education: 11 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Tarrafal, Santiago, Cape Verde
Year: 1996
Language names, in
order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Sotavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor S3:
Place of birth:
Assomada, Santiago, Cape Verde
Gender: Female
Age: 31
Occupation:
Boarding house receptionist
Education: 9 years
Collected by: Steve and
Trina Graham
Location: Assomada, Santiago, Cape Verde
Year: 1996
Language names, in order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
– is a term
used in reference to the rural Creole (basilect Creole?) spoken on this island.
- “Kabuverdianu Sotavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor M1:
Place of birth: Vila do
Maio, Maio, Cape Verde
Gender: Male
Age: 22
Occupation: Student
Education: 11 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Vila
do Maio, Maio, Cape Verde
Year: 1996
Language names, in order of
speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Sotavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor M2:
Place of birth: Figueira
da Horta, Maio, Cape Verde
Gender: Female
Age: 19
Occupation:
Housekeeper
Education: 6 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Figueira da Horta, Maio, Cape Verde
Year: 1996
Language
names, in order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of other languages.
- “Kabuverdianu Sotavento” – appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor KST:
Place of birth: Agua
Grande, São Tomé
Gender: Male
Age: 23
Occupation:
Carpenter
Education: 7 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Agua Grande, São Tomé
Year: 1997
Language
names, in order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term used by the descendents of indentured laborers brought from Cape Verde in reference to the language that they speak in their community in São Tomé.
- “Crioulo de Cabo Verde” – is a term used by people of São Tomé in reference to the language of the descendents of indentured laborers brought from Cape Verde.
- “Tonga” – appears to be a pejorative term used by the Forro of São Tomé and Príncipe in reference to the people and languages of the descendents of indentured laborers brought in by the Portuguese for manual labor.
- “Kabuverdianu” – is a term of reference used by some leaders and scholars in Cape Verde.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor KP:
Place of birth: Santo
Antonio, Príncipe
Gender: Male
Age: 27
Occupation:
Schoolteacher, (grades 1–4 on a plantation)
Education: 9 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Santo Antonio,
Príncipe
Year: 1997
Language names, in order of speaker use:
- “Crioulo” – is the most common term used by the descendents of indentured laborers brought from Cape Verde in reference to the language that they speak in their community in Príncipe.
- “Crioulo de Cabo Verde” – is a term used by people of Príncipe in reference to the language of the descendents of indentured laborers brought from Cape Verde.
- “Tonga” – appears to be a pejorative term used by the Forro in São Tomé and Príncipe in reference to the people and languages of the descendents of indentured laborers brought in by the Portuguese for manual labor.
- “Kabuverdianu” – is a term of reference used by some leaders and scholars in Cape Verde.
- “Upper Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor ST1:
Place of birth:
Trindade, São Tomé
Gender: Female
Age: 51
Occupation:
Schoolteacher, (primary)
Education: 9 years, plus 3 years teacher
training
Collected by: Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Trindade,
São Tomé
Year: 1997
Language names, in order of speaker
use:
- “O dialecto” (the dialect), pronounced
by its speakers – This is the most
common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and speakers of
other languages in the area. The term was originally advanced by the Portuguese
colonialist who viewed the language as an inferior dialect of Portuguese. When
necessary, the term can be qualified as “o dialecto de São
Tomé” (the dialect of São Tomé) to distinguish the
Creole of São Tomé from the Creole of Príncipe. - “Forro” – This term designates the children of Afro/Luso social genesis, born in the original population development on the island of São Tomé. These children were neither Portuguese nor African, they were “filhos da terra” (children of the land). These children of the new land, São Tomé, were given an official letter which excluded them and their descendents from enslavement. This Creole, the dominant Creole of São Tomé, is most closely associated with the descendents of these free children born on the island of São Tomé. Hence, the language is often referred to as “Forro” by the Forros, the speakers of this Creole, and also by the speakers of other languages in the area. However, it is primarily a social term, and brings a load of baggage when it is used as a language name.
- “Língua Nacional” (national language) – This is a political term of reference given to the language by the postcolonial government. The term remains largely unrealized in the practicable sense. The Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe has two national languages, (1) the Creole of the island of São Tomé, and (2) the Creole of the island of Príncipe. Portuguese is the “official” language of the country.
- “Santomé” – “Língua Santomé” (São Tomé language) appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars. It may have been advanced to augment the perception of the language, and reduce the potential for confusion, e.g., the term “o dialecto” is used in reference to all the Creoles in São Tomé and Príncipe, and is somewhat pejorative; “Forro” is primarily an ethnic/genealogical designation of a people; and there is more than one “Língua Nacional”.
- “Sãotomense, São-tomense, São Tomense” – These are terms of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are notably confused when these terms are used in reference to their language.
- “Gulf of Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor ST2:
Place of birth: Agua
Grande, São Tomé
Gender: Male
Age: 30
Occupation:
Administrative secretary
Education: 5 years
Collected by: Steve and
Trina Graham
Location: Agua Grande, São Tomé
Year:
1997
Language names, in order of speaker use:
- “O dialecto” (the dialect), pronounced
by its
speakers – This is the most common term of reference used by the speakers
of the language and speakers of other languages in the area. The term was
originally advanced by the Portuguese colonialist who viewed the language as an
inferior dialect of Portuguese. When necessary, the term can be qualified as
“o dialecto de São Tomé” (the dialect of São
Tomé) to distinguish the Creole of São Tomé from the
Creole of Príncipe.
- “Forro” – This term designates the children of Afro/Luso social genesis, born in the original population development on the island of São Tomé. These children were neither Portuguese nor African, they were “filhos da terra” (children of the land). These children of the new land, São Tomé, were given an official letter which excluded them and their descendents from enslavement. This Creole, the dominant Creole of São Tomé, is most closely associated with the descendents of these free children born on the island of São Tomé. Hence, the language is often referred to as “Forro” by the Forros, the speakers of this Creole and also by the speakers of other languages in the area. However, it is primarily a social term, and brings a load of baggage when it is used as a language name.
- “Língua Nacional” (national language) — This is a political term of reference given to the language, by the postcolonial government. The term remains largely unrealized in the practicable sense. The Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe has two national languages, (1) the Creole of the island of São Tomé, and (2) the Creole of the island of Príncipe. Portuguese is the “official” language of the country.
- “Santomé” – “Língua Santomé” (São Tomé language) appears to be a term of reference used by some local leaders and scholars. It may have been advanced to augment the perception of the language, and reduce the potential for confusion, e.g., the term “o dialecto” is used in reference to all the Creoles in São Tomé and Príncipe, and is somewhat pejorative; “Forro” is primarily an ethnic/genealogical designation of a people; and there is more than one “Língua Nacional”.
- “Sãotomense, São-tomense, São Tomense” – These are terms of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are notably confused when these terms are used in reference to their language.
- “Gulf of Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor A:
Place of birth: São
João dos Angolares, São Tomé
Gender: Male
Age:
41
Occupation: Palm wine maker
Education: 2 years
Collected by:
Steve and Trina Graham
Location: São João dos Angolares,
São Tomé
Year: 1997
Language names, in order of speaker
use:
- “Ngola” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language.
- “Angolar” – is a term used by the non-Angolar people of São Tomé and Príncipe in reference to the language of the Angolares. It also appears to be the most common term of reference used by scholars.
- “Gulf of Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Notes:
- Maurer presents a tonal analysis in work on Angolar. Tone was apparent in data gathering, but was not utilized in the social network analysis, as it would not have been appropriate to make a statement on tone at this level of analysis. Inclusion of tone may have served to increase the distance between Actor A and the other social network clusters, but the actor was revealed as a constituent of a distinct social network in the data, without including the tone. Hence, tone was not included in the transcription provided in the “IPA Transcription.doc” file provided on this diskette.
- Angolar exhibited a voiced and voiceless fricative in which the
tongue protrudes between the lips with egressive air passing between the tongue
and both lips. The voiced form was transcribed using the following symbol:
, and the voiceless form was
transcribed using the following symbol:
.
Actor P1:
Place of birth: Santo
Antonio, Príncipe
Gender: Male
Age: 27
Occupation:
Painter
Education: 9th grade
Collected by: Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Santo Antonio, Príncipe
Year: 1997
Language names, in
order of speaker use:
- “O dialecto” (the dialect), pronounced
by its speakers – This
is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and
speakers of other languages in the area. The term was originally advanced by
the Portuguese colonialist who viewed the language as an inferior dialect of
Portuguese. When necessary, the term can be qualified as “o dialecto de
Príncipe” (the dialect of Príncipe) to distinguish the
Creole of Príncipe from the Creole of São Tomé.
- “Iye or lun’gwiye”, pronounced
by its speakers, meaning:
“língua da ilha” (language of the island) – This term is
used primarily as a term of reference by the principal speakers of this
language. - “Moncó” – This is a pejorative term used in reference to the original population development on the island of Príncipe. The original population developments and the descendents of this original population were labeled “Moncós” by the Portuguese and by the “Forros” of São Tomé. Some “Principenses” (the descendents of the original population of Príncipe) suggest that there was a large population of monkeys on the island, which led to the application of the term “Moncós” to the human population development on the island. However, most Principenses suggest that the Forros of São Tomé and the Portuguese characterized the Principense language as a language of monkeys, and hence applied the term “Moncós” to the speakers of this language. This Creole is most closely associated with the Principense population, the principal speakers of this Creole. Hence, the language is often referred to as “Moncó” by the speakers of other languages in São Tomé and Príncipe and by some Principenses.
- “Língua Nacional” (national language) – This is a political term of reference given to the language, by the postcolonial government. The term remains largely unrealized in the practicable sense. The Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe has two national languages, (1) the Creole of the island of São Tomé, and (2) the Creole of the island of Príncipe. Portuguese is the “official” language of the country.
- “Principense” – This term of reference is commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are notably confused when these terms are used in reference to their language.
- “Gulf of Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Notes:
- Günther suggests tone in Príncipe. Traill and Ferraz dispute Günther’s analysis, arguing instead for a pitch contrast. Neither tone nor pitch contrast were utilized in the social network analysis, as it would not have been appropriate to make a statement on such at this level of analysis. Inclusion of tone or pitch contrast may have served to increase the distance between the Príncipe actors cluster and the other social network clusters, but these actors were revealed as constituents of a distinct social network in the data, without including the tone. Hence, tone was not included in the transcription provided in the “IPA Transcription.doc” file provided on this diskette.
- Principense tended to incorporate the Portuguese articles into some of the nouns.
Actor P2:
Place of birth: Novo
Destino, Príncipe
Gender: Male
Age: 80
Occupation:
Agriculture
Education: 4 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Novo Destino, Príncipe
Year: 1997
Language names, in
order of speaker use:
- “O Dialecto” (the dialect) pronounced
by its speakers – This
is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language and
speakers of other languages in the area. The term was originally advanced by
the Portuguese colonialist who viewed the language as an inferior dialect of
Portuguese. When necessary, the term can be qualified as “o dialecto de
Príncipe” (the dialect of Príncipe) to distinguish the
Creole of Príncipe from the Creole of São Tomé.
- “Iye or lun’gwiye”, pronounced
by its speakers, meaning:
“língua da ilha” (language of the island) – This term is
used primarily as a term of reference by the principal speakers of this
language.
- “Moncó” – This is a pejorative term used in reference to the original population development on the island of Príncipe. The original population developments and the descendents of this original population were labeled “Moncós” by the Portuguese and by the “Forros” of São Tomé. Some “Principenses” (the descendents of the original population of Príncipe) suggest that there was a large population of monkeys on the island, which led to the application of the term “Moncós” to the human population development on the island. However, most Principenses suggest that the Forros of São Tomé and the Portuguese characterized the Principense language as a language of monkeys, and hence applied the term “Moncós” to the speakers of this language. This Creole is most closely associated with the Principense population, the principal speakers of this Creole. Hence, the language is often referred to as “Moncó” by the speakers of other languages in São Tomé and Príncipe and by some Principenses.
- “Língua Nacional” (national language) – This is a political term of reference given to the language, by the postcolonial government. The term remains largely unrealized in the practicable sense. The Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe has two national languages, (1) the Creole of the island of São Tomé, and (2) the Creole of the island of Príncipe. Portuguese is the “official” language of the country.
- “Principense” – This term of reference is commonly used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are notably confused when these terms are used in reference to their language.
- “Gulf of Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Notes:
- Günther suggests tone in Príncipe. Traill and Ferraz dispute Günther’s analysis, arguing instead for a pitch contrast. Neither tone nor pitch contrast were utilized in the social network analysis, as it would not have been appropriate to make a statement on such at this level of analysis. Inclusion of tone or pitch contrast may have served to increase the distance between the Príncipe actors cluster and the other social network clusters, but these actors were revealed as constituents of a distinct social network in the data, without including the tone. Hence, tone was not included in the transcription provided in the “IPA Transcription.doc” file provided on this diskette.
- Principense tended to incorporate the Portuguese articles into some of the nouns.
Actor FDA:
Place of birth: San
Pedro, Annobón, Equatorial Guinea
Gender: Male
Age: 36
Occupation: Schoolteacher, (primary)
Education: 12 years plus teacher
training
Collected by: Steve and Trina Graham
Location: Palé,
Annobón, Equatorial Guinea
Year: 1997
Language names, in order
of speaker use:
- “Fa d'Ambu” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language.
- “Annobonese” – is a term used by Spanish speakers in reference to the people from Annobón and in reference to their language. It also appears to be the most common term of reference used by scholars.
- “Annobonense” – is a term used by Portuguese speakers in reference to the people from Annobón and in reference to their language.
- “Gulf of Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
Actor FDB:
Place of birth:
Malabo, Bioko, Equatorial Guinea
Gender: Male
Age: 25
Occupation:
Seminary student
Education: 12 years
Collected by: Steve and Trina
Graham
Location: Malabo, Bioko, Equatorial Guinea
Year: 1997
Language names, in order of speaker use:
- “Fa d'Ambu” – is the most common term of reference used by the speakers of the language.
- “Annobonese” – is a term used by Spanish speakers in reference to the people from Annobón and in reference to their language. It also appears to be the most common term of reference used by scholars.
- “Annobonense” – is a term used by Portuguese speakers in reference to the people from Annobón and in reference to their language.
- “Gulf of Guinea Creole” – is a term of reference used in the linguistic literature. However, most day-to-day speakers of the language are totally unaware of this term of reference for the language.
References
Gunther, Wilfred. 1973. Das portugiesische Kreolisch der Ilha do Príncipe. Marburg an der Lahn: Im Selbstverlag.
Maurer, Philippe. 1995. L'Angolar: Un créole afro-portugais parlé à São Tomé; Notes de grammaire, textes, vocabulaires. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
Traill, Anthony, and Luiz Ferraz. 1981. The interpretation of tone in Principense Creole abstract phonological analysis. In Studies in African Linguistics. Los Angeles, California, August, (12):2:205–215.
Date published: 10-AUG-2004
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