SIL Standards for Translation of Divine Familial Terms

September 2015

1. When the words for “father” and “son” refer to God the Father and to the Son of God, these words will always be translated with the most directly equivalent familial words within the given linguistic and cultural context of the recipients. In the case of languages that have multiple words for “father” and “son,” translators should choose the most suitable words in light of the semantics of the target language.
    
2. The phrase for “Son of God” has varied nuances in its different New Testament contexts, especially in light of the Old Testament background to those contexts. In the case of most languages, the biblical context should enable the reader to discern the nuances of the phrase for “Son of God,” and translators need not make adjustments to the translated text, although they may want to indicate nuances of meaning in paratextual material. But, when and if necessary, it is recommended that translators convey nuances of meaning from the biblical context in the translation through the addition of qualifying words and/or phrases (explanatory adjectives, relative clauses, or prepositional phrases). For example, the phrase for “Son of God” in a context of Messianic kingship might be rendered with the equivalent of “anointed Son of God” or “royal Son of God.” 
    
3. Some of the disagreement over the translation of the word for “father” and the phrase for “Son of God” has resulted from overloading the translation by attempting to address too many possible meanings and misunderstandings. It is recommended that in addition to translating Scripture, translators consider additional ways of communicating the message of Jesus to Muslim audiences. These can include such literary genres as tafsir (commentary), qusas al-anbiya (stories of the prophets), and sirah (life stories). But these should not be considered or presented as biblical translations unless they abide by the first three recommendations.
    
4. There is significant potential for misunderstanding of the words for “father” and “son” when applied to God, and in languages shaped by Islamic cultures, the potential is especially acute and the misunderstandings likely to prove especially harmful to the reader’s comprehension of the gospel. Therefore, in case of difficulties, it is recommended that translators consider the addition of qualifying words and/or phrases (explanatory adjectives, relative clauses, prepositional phrases, or similar modifiers) to the directly-translated words for “father” and “son,” in order to avoid misunderstanding. For example, as the biblical context allows, the word for “father” might be rendered with the equivalent of “heavenly Father” when referring to God, and the word for “son” might be rendered with the equivalent of “divine Son,” “eternal Son,” or “heavenly Son” when referring to Jesus. Translators are encouraged to use paratextual material to clarify and avoid misunderstanding in these cases.

SIL will not produce or approve for publication any translated Scripture material that does not meet the standards stated in points one through four above. 

Note: In addition to following the above Standards for Translation of Divine Familial Terms, recommendations five through ten of the Report on Divine Familial Terms have been incorporated into SIL's translation processes. The documents and translation procedures have been reviewed and approved by the World Evangelical Alliance Oversight Group.