The Phonology of Two Central Chadic Languages

Introduction by Michael C. Cahill
List of Symbols and Abbreviations

Part 1 The Phonology of Muyang by Tony Smith

1. Introduction

1.1 Location and Population
1.2 Classification
1.3 Previous Research
1.4 The Present Research



2. Basic Phonology

2.0 Introductory Comments
2.1 Consonants
2.1.1 Consonant phonemes
2.1.2 Evidence of contrast
2.1.3 Interpretation of polysegmental phonemes
2.1.4 Realisation and distribution patterns of consonant phonemes
2.1.5 Consonants and tone
2.2 Vowels
2.2.1 The basic vowel
2.2.2 Phonetic schwa and its prosodic variants
2.2.3 Overview of Muyang surface vocalisation
2.3 Prosodies
2.3.1 Palatalisation
2.3.2 Labialisation
2.3.3 Palatalisation and labialisation combined
2.3.4 The labialisation prosody and labialised consonants
2.3.5 Vowel height under prosody
2.4 Tone: General Features
2.4.1 Surface tone
2.4.2 Underlying tone?
2.5 Stress
2.5.1 Stress in the speech string
2.5.2 Stress and tone in the noun



3. Morphophonology
3.0 Grammatical Categories in Muyang
3.1 Nouns
3.1.1 Structure of noun roots
3.1.2 Modification of basic noun roots
3.1.3 Compounding
3.1.4 Tone on the noun
3.2 Verbs
3.2.1 Structure of verb roots
3.2.2 Verb morphology
3.2.3 Tone on the verb


4. Phrase-Level Phonology

4.1 Prosody Spread
4.2.1 General features
4.2.2 Modification of the associative marker
4.3 Tone at Phrase Level
4.3.1 General features
4.3.2 Tone raising at phrase level
4.3.3 The tone of peripositional expressions
4.3.4 The tone of the negative markers



Part 1 Conclusion


Part 2 The Phonology of Mbuko by Richard Gravina

5. Introduction

5.1 The Mbuko People
5.2 Language Classification
5.3 Research Work
5.4 Grammar Overview
5.5 Levels of Representation



6. The Syllable

6.1 Syllable Type V
6.2 Syllable Type CV
6.3 Syllable Type CVC
6.4 Phonetically Long Vowels
6.5 Syllable Type VC
6.6 Comments
6.7 Syllable Patterns in Words



7. Contrastive Units

7.1 Introduction to Prosody
7.2 Consonants
7.2.1 Distribution
7.2.2 Description of phonemes
7.2.3 The laminal consonants
7.2.4 Evidence of contrast
7.3 Vowels and Prosodies
7.3.1 Presentation of vowel phonemes
7.3.2 Conditioning factors
7.3.3 Derivation of the representation when prosodies are applied
7.3.4 Derivation of surface forms
7.3.5 Compound words
7.3.6 Front rounded vowels
7.3.7 Definition of features
7.3.8 Vowel neutralisation issues



8. The Phonology of the Word

8.1 Monomorphemic Words
8.1.1 Input
8.1.2 Vowel position rules
8.1.3 Closed syllable rule
8.1.4 Schwa deletion
8.1.5 Pause vowel rule
8.1.6 Optional vowel contraction rule
8.1.7 Application of prosodies
8.1.8 Sample derivations
8.2 Words Formed by Reduplication
8.2.1 Complete reduplication
8.2.2 Partial reduplication
8.3 Compound Words
8.4 Morphophonemics
8.4.1 Basic morphology
8.4.2 Elision
8.4.3 Scope of prosodies
8.5 Post-Lexical Alternations
8.5.1 /n/
8.5.2 Laminal phonemes
8.5.3 /h/
8.5.4 /h/ deletion
8.6 Polymorphemic Words
8.7 The Basic Phonological Word



9. Tone

9.1 Overview
9.2 Evidence of Contrast
9.3 Distribution
9.4 Verbs
9.4.1 Verb tone patterns
9.4.2 High tone spread
9.4.3 Depressor consonants
9.5 Total Tone Lowering
9.6 Nouns and Other Lexical Categories



10. Phrase-Level Phonology

10.1 The Pause Phrase
10.2 Final Vowel Lowering
10.3 Elision
10.4 /n/ Deletion



11. Rhythmical Phonology

11.1 The Metrical System
11.2 Schwa Deletion
11.3 Variable Length Morphemes
11.4 Verb Reduplication

Summary
References